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Someone needs to stop Clearway Law.
Public shouldn't leave reviews for lawyers.

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Surely, one of the most remarkable animals
that has ever existed,

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and certainly one of the most famous,
is a dinosaur.

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Tyrannosaurus rex.

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An animal to spark the imagination
for all of us.

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What kind of an animal was it?

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What did it look like? How did it live?

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Now, scientific research has answered
such questions.

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And not just about T. Rex,

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but the other species
that lived alongside it.

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And the latest imaging technology
enables us to bring them all to life.

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Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.

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The skies are filled with flying giants.

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In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.

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And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,

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all facing the struggle to survive.

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We now know so much about a world
that was ruled by the dinosaurs.

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This is their story.

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The west of South America

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and one of the most desolate places
on this prehistoric planet.

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Few animals venture here,

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yet it is the stage for one of the most
extraordinary gatherings on Earth.

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Dreadnoughtus.

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Titanosaurs. Eighty-five feet long
and weighing 40 tons.

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These are all males,

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and they're many miles
from their rich forest feeding grounds.

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They come here for only one reason:
To fight for the chance to mate.

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Crowds of females
scrutinize the newly arriving males,

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assessing their strength and suitability.

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The titanosaurs' immense necks

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are supported by
an ultra lightweight air-filled skeleton.

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Their hollow neck bones
are connected to a series of bellows

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that inflate bizarre gular air sacs.

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Those males with the most impressive
displays will attract the most females.

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This huge bull, white with dust,

36
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has held the center stage for two weeks.

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He weighs nearly 50 tons.

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And his display has, so far,

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intimidated all challengers.

40
00:05:35,502 --> 00:05:36,924
But this new arrival…

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Is not deterred.

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Lifting up such a huge body is exhausting.

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It's a battle of endurance.

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As the conflict intensifies,
each fighter tries to wound the other,

45
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stabbing with sharp dagger-like spikes
on each thumb

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and raking the skin with their teeth.

47
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Until, eventually…

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The knockout blow.

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The old bull's rule is finally over.

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The young victor takes his turn
on the center stage.

51
00:08:09,489 --> 00:08:14,123
The price of defeat, for some,
is very high.

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Even though some animals
are well adapted to desert conditions,

53
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their survival is often on a knife-edge.

54
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Especially here in Asia,

55
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where, in the height of summer,

56
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temperatures soar
above 60 degrees Celsius…

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And water evaporates in an instant.

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There are
ferocious-looking reptiles here too.

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But this little lizard
is only a few inches long.

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Here, getting a meal is never easy.

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This immense carcass could be promising.

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A dead sauropod.

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A potential feast for many.

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00:10:11,195 --> 00:10:13,910
But, strangely, all is quiet.

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Tarbosaurus…

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The equivalent, in this desert, of T. Rex.

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They keep everyone else away.

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00:10:39,056 --> 00:10:42,939
But for the lizard,
they might bring an opportunity.

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If there is one thing
that attracts flies more than a carcass…

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It's a sleeping tarbosaur
that has been feeding on that carcass.

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Time to be bold.

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A Velociraptor.

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Time to be careful.

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Because Velociraptors often hunt together.

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The tarbosaurs move on.

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And now the pterosaurs can come down…

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And claim a share of the carcass.

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For the little lizard,
the opportunity has gone.

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Making the most of fleeting chances
is key to surviving in the desert,

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and some dinosaurs manage to do so
very effectively indeed.

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Mononykus is a desert specialist.

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Like many desert animals,

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she must patrol a huge area
if she is to find enough food.

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Bare legs help keep her body cool.

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Feathers on her body
shield her from the sun's rays,

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and they provide her with a super sense.

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They form facial discs that help her
detect the faintest of sounds.

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Such hypersensitive directional hearing

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gives her a mental map
of this hollow log and what lies within.

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She now uses the weapon
that gives this hunter its name.

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Mononykus, single giant claw.

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Just what she needs
to open a termite's nest.

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And she has
another special piece of equipment.

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A flexible tongue
twice the length of her head.

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An excellent protein-packed meal,

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if only termites
weren't quite so irritating.

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Specialists like Mononykus can thrive
in this arid desert.

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00:17:14,034 --> 00:17:17,040
But such conditions
don't always stay the same.

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On rare occasions,

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cooler mountain winds sweep in
and mix with the rising hot air.

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A desert storm,
bringing with it welcome rain.

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She may never before
have seen the land soaked like this.

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It transforms this landscape
in unexpected ways.

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Seeds that have been lying dormant
burst into life.

105
00:18:29,860 --> 00:18:34,744
They transform this arid landscape
in a matter of days.

106
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And with the vegetation comes
an abundance of food,

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if you know how to catch it.

108
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Enantiornithines, an ancient type of bird.

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But perhaps a little too big to tackle.

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It can be hard adapting
to such a different and unfamiliar world.

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Oh, dear.

112
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Finally, she's got something.

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But these new challenges will be brief.

114
00:19:52,317 --> 00:19:54,944
One thing is certain in the desert:

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Searing heat and scorched earth
will soon return.

116
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Flowers will be nothing more
than a distant memory.

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It's not just the unrelenting power
of the sun

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that makes deserts so inhospitable.

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So too do winds.

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Here in central Asia,
they rip across the landscape,

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drying out the land still further
and uprooting vegetation.

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Large dinosaurs keep on the move

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to try to cope
with these harsh conditions.

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These duck-billed dinosaurs
are Barsboldia.

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They are long-distance specialists

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and can go without water
for an astonishing length of time.

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But on rare occasions,
there is an abundance.

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When rain does fall,

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it can seep into the land
and travel great distances underground.

130
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Until, in some special places,
the water rises to the surface

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and creates an oasis.

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00:21:51,562 --> 00:21:56,904
Open water attracts desert animals
of every kind from many miles away.

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Some dwarf everyone else.

134
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The Mongolian titan.

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00:22:12,583 --> 00:22:14,334
They are colossal.

136
00:22:14,418 --> 00:22:16,294
Weighing over 70 tons,

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they are among the biggest animals
to have ever walked the Earth.

138
00:22:23,468 --> 00:22:28,102
A risky place for a tiny Mononykus
to come for a drink.

139
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There may be a crowd,

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00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:41,741
but if you've got the longest neck
on Earth, you can jump the queue.

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Such a gathering attracts attention.

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A tarbosaur.

143
00:24:33,015 --> 00:24:39,734
But like everyone else,
the hunter is here just for water.

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With so many thirsty mouths
drinking day and night,

145
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the water doesn't last long.

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00:25:04,379 --> 00:25:06,423
The animals disperse,

147
00:25:06,507 --> 00:25:11,057
and once again, the harsh,
arid conditions return.

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00:25:17,893 --> 00:25:21,938
Over millions of years,
water has carved some deserts

149
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into spectacular landscapes…

150
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As here in North Africa.

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00:25:30,155 --> 00:25:35,623
These canyon lands offer some
desert visitors special opportunities.

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With a 17-foot wingspan,
Barbaridactylus, a type of pterosaur,

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can exploit the thermals
with effortless skill…

154
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And so cover great distances,

155
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despite the fact
that some have enormous head crests.

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Every year, males and females
gather at these special places in the sky

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in their thousands.

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There are no ground predators
on the summits of these isolated plateaus,

159
00:26:43,020 --> 00:26:45,526
so they're safe places on which to land.

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00:26:45,939 --> 00:26:50,823
Large males select an area
in which to perform their displays

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whilst eager young bachelors
circle overhead.

162
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Territory holders warn off
any challengers.

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A message that sometimes needs
to be violently reinforced.

164
00:27:55,259 --> 00:27:59,851
But you don't necessarily
have to be a heavyweight to succeed.

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There are some males
that don't develop the huge head crest.

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They are sneaky males
that look like females

167
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and so, can try to remain unnoticed.

168
00:28:35,257 --> 00:28:37,889
It's a dangerous game to play…

169
00:28:40,637 --> 00:28:44,979
Because the large males
are regularly on patrol.

170
00:28:49,396 --> 00:28:51,819
And they perform their displays.

171
00:29:08,582 --> 00:29:11,339
The sneak has been spotted.

172
00:29:37,486 --> 00:29:39,075
But in fact…

173
00:29:40,072 --> 00:29:43,371
He caught the eye of the large male.

174
00:29:57,422 --> 00:30:01,222
But the sneak pretends
to be a reluctant female…

175
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And rejects the male's advances.

176
00:30:13,438 --> 00:30:16,320
Now, back to the mission in hand…

177
00:30:17,651 --> 00:30:19,949
And time to make his move.

178
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Success.

179
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Large males might seem more attractive,

180
00:31:10,287 --> 00:31:14,207
but the females, it seems,
ensure producing the fittest young

181
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by mating
with as many partners as they can…

182
00:31:20,380 --> 00:31:24,681
Whether they're impressively adorned
or just sneaky.

183
00:31:39,316 --> 00:31:42,444
It's not just extraordinary,
bizarre animals

184
00:31:42,528 --> 00:31:45,702
that live in the deserts
of the prehistoric planet.

185
00:31:48,408 --> 00:31:52,625
There are strange,
otherworldly landscapes too.

186
00:31:54,206 --> 00:31:56,754
Such as here in South America.

187
00:32:01,839 --> 00:32:04,549
This may look like a dusting of snow,

188
00:32:04,633 --> 00:32:10,727
but these great dunes are composed
not of sand, but of gypsum.

189
00:32:11,306 --> 00:32:16,311
Gypsum is a fine, white mineral
that dissolves in water so easily,

190
00:32:16,395 --> 00:32:21,362
it can only exist in solid form
in the driest areas on Earth.

191
00:32:26,488 --> 00:32:31,164
These dunes are so dry
that living here is almost impossible.

192
00:32:32,828 --> 00:32:36,294
Yet some dinosaurs manage to do so.

193
00:32:39,459 --> 00:32:43,176
Secernosaurus, a type of small hadrosaur.

194
00:32:47,801 --> 00:32:50,845
Although they can survive
on a poor-quality diet,

195
00:32:50,929 --> 00:32:55,308
every decade or so
this area dries out so extremely

196
00:32:55,392 --> 00:32:59,275
that almost all the vegetation
shrivels and dies.

197
00:33:02,524 --> 00:33:07,241
With young to care for,
this could be the end of the herd.

198
00:33:12,326 --> 00:33:15,829
But some of the older,
more experienced individuals

199
00:33:15,913 --> 00:33:19,754
may remember other potential sources
of food and water.

200
00:33:21,126 --> 00:33:25,797
And they know that the way to survive
is not to try to leave the desert

201
00:33:25,881 --> 00:33:29,931
but to continue traveling
across its baking dunes.

202
00:33:36,725 --> 00:33:42,193
With high winds and shifting sands,
the desert is always on the move.

203
00:33:44,983 --> 00:33:47,281
And that makes navigation tricky.

204
00:34:08,215 --> 00:34:11,472
The herd prefers to travel at night.

205
00:34:30,654 --> 00:34:32,197
It's not only cooler

206
00:34:32,281 --> 00:34:37,075
but also reveals a map that could
enable an animal to find its way

207
00:34:37,159 --> 00:34:40,585
through the featureless
yet ever-changing desert.

208
00:34:42,291 --> 00:34:45,381
A map in the sky.

209
00:34:48,172 --> 00:34:50,131
Like many migrating animals,

210
00:34:50,215 --> 00:34:54,349
hadrosaurs
can recognize celestial signposts.

211
00:35:00,475 --> 00:35:04,734
By day, the blistering sun
still beats down from overhead.

212
00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:20,124
Even if they can find shade,
this for some could be journey's end.

213
00:35:28,003 --> 00:35:31,052
But there is something else
that may help them.

214
00:35:35,928 --> 00:35:40,140
The deep, rumbling sound of waves
crashing onto the distant shoreline

215
00:35:40,224 --> 00:35:42,939
travels for miles through the dunes.

216
00:35:44,978 --> 00:35:49,274
The sound is so low
that many animals cannot hear it.

217
00:35:49,358 --> 00:35:54,867
But hadrosaurs can, and so are able
to find their way towards the coast.

218
00:35:57,115 --> 00:36:01,958
But this desert still has one more
obstacle that must be overcome.

219
00:36:03,580 --> 00:36:07,547
Giant coastal dunes block their path.

220
00:36:23,767 --> 00:36:29,152
Steep, unstable sand
saps energy with every step.

221
00:37:20,115 --> 00:37:21,662
They have made it.

222
00:37:32,794 --> 00:37:38,383
And their first reward is to lick droplets
of water that condense on their skin

223
00:37:38,467 --> 00:37:42,475
from the fog that forms
where dunes and ocean meet.

224
00:37:53,232 --> 00:37:58,157
And this fog also nourishes
a rich coastal paradise.

225
00:38:10,123 --> 00:38:13,923
This is enough to feed the herd for now,

226
00:38:14,253 --> 00:38:18,261
but once it runs out,
they will be forced to move on…

227
00:38:22,219 --> 00:38:25,393
And once more endure the trials of life

228
00:38:25,806 --> 00:38:29,313
in the deserts of the prehistoric planet.

229
00:38:35,816 --> 00:38:37,567
Next on Prehistoric Planet,

230
00:38:37,651 --> 00:38:41,070
one of the strangest dinosaurs
that has ever lived.

231
00:38:41,154 --> 00:38:46,330
A bizarre, duck-billed giant
feeds in a vast inland swamp.

232
00:38:48,078 --> 00:38:50,497
And as fresh water flows
from source to sea,

233
00:38:50,581 --> 00:38:54,005
it shapes the lives of all it touches.

234
00:38:55,127 --> 00:38:58,213
To discover the science
behind the stories,

235
00:38:58,297 --> 00:39:02,889
go now
to the Prehistoric Planet show page.

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00:39:03,305 --> 00:40:03,517
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