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Surely, one of the most remarkable animals
that has ever existed,

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and certainly one of the most famous,
is a dinosaur.

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Tyrannosaurus rex.

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An animal to spark the imagination
for all of us.

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What kind of an animal was it?

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What did it look like? How did it live?

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Now, scientific research has answered
such questions.

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And not just about T. Rex,

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but the other species
that lived alongside it.

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And the latest imaging technology
enables us to bring them all to life.

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Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.

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The skies are filled with flying giants.

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In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.

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And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,

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all facing the struggle to survive.

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We now know so much about a world
that was ruled by the dinosaurs.

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This is their story.

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The forests in South America

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contain some of the world's tallest trees.

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They can grow
to a height of over 300 feet.

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But there are animal giants here too.

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Plant-eating dinosaurs.

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These are Austroposeidon.

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They're 80 feet long.

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And they have colossal appetites.

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Their teeth are used not to chew,

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but simply to cut.

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A herd like this one can consume
ten tons of vegetation every day.

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They prefer the tender, young leaves
that grow on the tips of the branches.

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But if they find trees
that are even taller than they are,

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they're not defeated.

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They use their great weight
and their 8-inch-thick breastbone

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to simply push the trees over.

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Success.

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But life in the forest is always a battle.

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Especially when new space is created.

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Plants race to claim the light…

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And use every kind of method
to gain the upper hand.

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The gap in the canopy is soon closed.

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Over three-quarters of the world's land
is covered by plants and trees.

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This prehistoric planet is a green planet.

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Many different species of dinosaur
live in forests.

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Triceratops,
one of the biggest in North America.

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They can be 26 feet long.

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The huge frills on their heads
are used for protection when they fight.

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But plants have defenses too.

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Poisonous toxins.

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These are particularly dangerous
for youngsters.

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This calf weighs only
a 50th of the weight of his mother.

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And the plant's toxins
could make him very sick indeed.

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But Triceratops have
a way of dealing with such poisons.

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They use an antidote.

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One source of it lies in a cave
to which they pay regular visits.

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This youngster, however,
has never been in here before.

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They have to find their way
along a passage

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that, over many millennia,
has been eroded by an underground river.

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They are now beyond the reach of light.

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They can't see a thing.

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The calf must stick close to his family.

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But not too close.

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Now, one wrong turn could be disastrous.

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At last, the herd reaches
the place they need to visit.

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This is the antidote: A special clay.

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These are known as clay licks,
and they're visited time and again.

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But someone is missing.

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Where is her calf?

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Luck was on the youngster's side.

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Once he's lined his stomach with clay,

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he too will be protected from the poisons
in the leaves on which he feeds.

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Soon they will all head back
to the forest and daylight.

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In fact, very little of the sun's light

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reaches the floor of these dense forests.

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In Patagonia,

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the thick vegetation stretches unbroken
for hundreds of miles.

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But occasionally, there are
mysterious clearings, like this one.

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It's the work of a two-ton,
12-foot tall Carnotaurus. A male.

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Clearing this patch
has taken him a long time.

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And it needs constant attention
if it is to remain tidy.

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It's a stage
on which he can show off to females.

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All is ready, and he announces the fact.

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His calls are low-pitched

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and travel much farther
through the dense vegetation

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than higher-pitched ones would do.

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At last, a female arrives.

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She's bigger than the male
and more powerful.

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Now, somehow, he must impress her.

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And he may only get this one chance.

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She watches him carefully.

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If he is going to impress her,

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he must do so
in the most extraordinary way.

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He doesn't have huge antlers,
nor a spectacular tail.

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But he does have a pair of tiny,
apparently useless arms.

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And each has a ball and socket joint
at its base

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that enables him
to move them independently.

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Not today.

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How could he have done better? Who knows?

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For now, it's back to litter picking.

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This is East Asia.

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In these mountain forests,
autumn arrives early.

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This is when many trees
produce their fruit.

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And amongst the most highly prized
are the nuts of the Ginkgo tree.

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A bonanza
for dinosaurs called Corythoraptors.

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Although they have feathers,
they're flightless.

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These have found
a particularly abundant fall of fruit.

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00:18:18,904 --> 00:18:23,133
But such gatherings can attract
unwelcome attention.

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Qianzhousaurus,
the top predator in these Asiatic forests.

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This is a female, over 30 feet long.

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If she is to catch a Corythoraptor,
she'll have to get close.

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There's not much cover here.

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But her prey have still not noticed her.

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She has failed.

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But then, most hunts,

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throughout the history of life,
fail most of the time.

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As the seasonal winds strengthen,

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many of the trees in these temperate
forests start to lose their leaves.

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Winter will be a time of hardship.

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Nevertheless, a storm does create
a brief opportunity for hunters.

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She's trying again.

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She's less conspicuous in the gloom,
and the gusting wind is distracting.

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An 80-pound prize.

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All the more valuable,
since winter is now closing in.

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In the forests of North America,

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there is an additional annual hazard
for forest dwellers.

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Fire, started by a strike of lightning.

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As it spreads, temperatures rise
to over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

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The flames rise
several hundred feet into the air.

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Most animals flee.

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But this Edmontosaurus
has a family to care for.

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She doesn't abandon them.

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Now they must keep one step ahead
of the blaze until it burns out.

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This may look catastrophic.

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But remarkably, some plants must be burnt

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if they are to complete their life cycle.

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The intense heat is needed
to open the cones of the pine trees…

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And release their seeds.

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And only a few hours
after the fire has passed,

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animals begin to return.

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Beetles are among the first.

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They start to lay their eggs.

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When they hatch,
the larvae will be the first to feast

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on the near-limitless supply of dead wood.

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This Atrociraptor is an opportunist.

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Quick to return
when there's food on offer.

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And there's something else
to be gained here.

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Smoke is an insecticide…

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00:25:47,144 --> 00:25:51,373
And it can help an animal
to get rid of its parasites.

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But you do have to be careful.

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A two-ton ankylosaur.

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It also finds something worth eating
after a fire.

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Charcoal.

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It will bind with many of the plant toxins
in its stomach and neutralize them.

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The female Edmontosaurus
is leaving the forest.

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Against the odds,
she's led both her babies to safety.

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They will have to find new pastures
until the forest plants recover.

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Even where fires are rare,
trees do not live forever.

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And after they die, they become food
for a very different kind of organism.

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At night,
some of them become eerily conspicuous.

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Down on the forest floor…

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Fungi appear…

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And start to glow.

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They produce their light by chemical
reactions deep within their tissues.

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But why they do so is a mystery.

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It may be
because the light attracts insects,

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which then help
to spread the spores of the fungus.

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Here, in central Asia,

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the nighttime forest
is filled with strange sounds.

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Giant sauropods are asleep.

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There are air sacs in their head and neck,

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which reduce their weight
but also amplify their snores.

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But not everyone is asleep.

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For smaller creatures, it's safer to be
out in the darkness than during the day.

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These Therizinosaurus
hatched just six months ago.

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Barely three feet long,
they are only a tenth of their adult size.

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Their claws may look like daggers,
but they're used more like salad servers…

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Because these are plant eaters.

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This forest, however, has all kinds
of food if you know where to look.

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Honey.

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It's dripping from a bees' nest
up in the branches.

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Bees usually build their nests
beyond the reach of ground dwellers.

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But this one is lower than most.

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And it's too good to miss.

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Unlike most dinosaurs,
young Therizinosaurus can climb.

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Although they're not exactly experts.

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Angry bees produce a Mexican wave
to warn intruders to keep away…

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Or suffer the consequences.

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An adult Therizinosaurus.

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It's huge, nearly 30 feet tall
and weighing five tons.

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Nothing the bees can do deters this one.

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At last, a little treat.

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And a few more stings.

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Even by day, it's still dark
in the understory of the dense forests,

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such as this one in Europe.

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Animals of any kind
are difficult to distinguish.

195
00:34:18,864 --> 00:34:20,966
Yet, they're everywhere.

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Telmatosaurus seldom breaks cover.

197
00:34:39,343 --> 00:34:42,278
And equally inconspicuous…

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Zalmoxes.

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The last
of a very ancient dinosaur lineage.

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This forest
is one of their few remaining strongholds.

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00:35:04,701 --> 00:35:10,932
Seven inches tall, baby Zalmoxes are
no more than snacks for many predators.

202
00:35:11,625 --> 00:35:14,895
But snacks are nonetheless worth eating…

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00:35:16,463 --> 00:35:18,482
So they have to be cautious.

204
00:35:48,454 --> 00:35:52,849
Hatzegopteryx stands 15 feet tall.

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00:36:03,177 --> 00:36:07,847
It is, in fact, a pterosaur,
a reptile with wings,

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that here, as it stalks through the trees,
it has to keep tightly folded.

207
00:36:25,157 --> 00:36:31,013
This forest, so rich in small creatures,
is one of its regular hunting grounds.

208
00:36:38,921 --> 00:36:42,190
It stands
on the southernmost edge of Europe.

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This is the heaviest animal ever to fly,

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and there is nowhere else here
where it can open its gigantic wings,

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which are over 30 feet across.

212
00:37:29,513 --> 00:37:34,451
Many of the forest's permanent residents
regularly come down here…

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00:37:37,771 --> 00:37:41,083
Because the plants are coated
with sea spray

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and are a welcome source of salt.

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00:38:10,637 --> 00:38:15,909
Here, sauropods can meet one another,
renewing family bonds…

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00:38:18,562 --> 00:38:20,789
And creating new ones.

217
00:38:34,495 --> 00:38:38,640
But for Hatzegopteryx,
the beach is a launching pad.

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00:38:53,931 --> 00:38:57,684
Now his wings will carry him
to yet another forest,

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00:38:57,768 --> 00:39:02,439
where life proliferates
more variously and more abundantly

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than anywhere else
on our prehistoric planet.

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To discover the science
behind the stories,

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go now
to the Prehistoric Planet show page.

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