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In this lesson,

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we will learn about specialized systems.

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Specialized systems are unique purpose-built technologies

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such as systems on a chip, embedded systems,

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internet of things, devices, and wireless technologies.

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Each of these specialized systems requires

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tailored security measures due to their specific functions

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and constraints.

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System on a chip or SOC technology

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integrates all necessary electronic components

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into a single chip requiring security to be embedded

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at the hardware level to protect

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against physical and cyber threats.

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Embedded systems are designed

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to perform specific functions within larger devices

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and must be securely configured

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to prevent unauthorized access

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and ensure reliable operation.

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Next, IoT or internet of things devices

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which are widely deployed

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introduce significant security challenges

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due to potential vulnerabilities in communication channels

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and their extensive connectivity.

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Finally, wireless technologies,

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including RF or radio frequency play an important role

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in connecting IoT devices to the network

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and require strong encryption and security measures

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to prevent unauthorized access.

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Let's learn more about system on a chip

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or SOC, embedded systems, internet of things

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or IoT devices, and wireless technologies,

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including radio frequency or RF.

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First we have system on a chip or SOC.

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System on a chip is an integrated circuit

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that contains all the components of a computer system

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on a single chip.

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This includes the processor, memory, storage,

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graphics processor, and peripherals like USB controllers,

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power management circuits and wireless radios

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for wifi or Bluetooth connectivity.

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System on a chip designs are popular because they provide

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high performance in a small form factor

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with low power usage.

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A great example of a system on a chip is a Raspberry Pi,

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which fits a complete computer system onto a small chip,

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allowing it to power various devices like smart TVs,

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set top boxes and streaming sticks.

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Systems on a chip are commonly embedded into devices

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to enable features without needing multiple components.

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For instance, if you use a Roku or Fire TV Stick,

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you are experiencing the benefits of a system on a chip.

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These small devices allow you to stream content,

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connect to wifi, and handle video processing,

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all while fitting into the size of a thumb drive.

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By embedding all critical computing components

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on a single chip, systems on a chip

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make devices more compact and energy efficient.

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The efficiency and versatility of systems on a chip

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make them suitable for modern tech products

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like smartphones, gaming consoles,

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and even smart appliances.

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Devices with system on a chip

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are not only small and low power,

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but are also powerful enough to perform advanced tasks

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such as a streaming high definition video

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or connecting multiple devices wirelessly.

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As technology continues to evolve,

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systems on a chip are driving innovation

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by enabling smarter, more connected devices

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across various industries.

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Second, we have embedded systems.

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Embedded systems are computing systems embedded

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within other devices to perform specific functions.

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Embedded systems are found in a wide range

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of everyday objects from washing machines to medical devices

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and even industrial machinery.

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Unlike traditional computers, embedded systems are designed

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for a dedicated purpose and often operate

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with limited resources focusing on reliability

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and efficiency rather than general purpose computing.

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For example, the microcontrollers

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inside your car's engine control system

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or your home's smart thermostat are embedded systems.

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These systems are designed

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to take input process, data based on defined rules

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and produce an output like adjusting the room temperature

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or controlling engine performance.

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Since embedded systems are designed to do one specific job,

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they are often more efficient and cost effective

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than using a full computer or operating system

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to manage those tasks.

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The key to embedded systems is there simplicity

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and ability to work reliably under various conditions.

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They often run on microcontrollers or systems on a chip

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to reduce complexity and power consumption.

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By integrating embedded systems into products,

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manufacturers can improve functionality

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without significantly increasing cost or power consumption,

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making embedded technology important in modern electronics.

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Third, we have internet of things, or IoT.

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IoT refers to the global network of devices

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that are connected to the internet,

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allowing them to collect, send, and receive data.

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These devices range from home automation systems

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like smart thermostats and security cameras

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to industrial machinery and healthcare equipment.

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The defining feature of IoT devices

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is that they use sensors and software

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to interact with their environment

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and communicate with other devices through the internet.

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In smart homes IoT devices like smart lights, doorbells

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and appliances are used to automate tasks

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and make life more convenient.

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For instance, you can control your lights remotely,

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monitor security cameras in real time,

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or even adjust your thermostat while away from home.

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These devices can be controlled through a central hub

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or smart assistant,

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making it easy to manage them using a smartphone application

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or even voice commands.

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In industrial and commercial settings,

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IoT enables monitoring and control of equipment

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from a central location.

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For example, a manufacturing plant might use IoT sensors

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to monitor machinery performance and predict

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when maintenance is needed, reducing downtime.

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IoT is transforming industries by making systems

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more efficient, scalable,

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and responsive to realtime conditions.

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Fourth and last, we have wireless technologies,

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including radio frequency or RF.

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Wireless technologies allow devices to communicate

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without physical connections using radio waves

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to transmit data between devices.

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in IoT and embedded systems, wireless communication

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plays a role enabling devices to connect

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and exchange information over long distances

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without the need for wires.

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Radio frequency is one of the most commonly used

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wireless technologies.

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Radio frequency or RF signals transmit data

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through electromagnetic waves over a range of frequencies.

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For example, your wifi router uses RF to send data

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between your internet connection

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and devices like smartphones and laptops.

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RF is also used in Bluetooth technology

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enabling short range communication

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between devices like wireless headphones and smartwatches.

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Other wireless technologies include Zigbee and Z-Wave,

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both used in home automation systems.

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These protocols let smart devices like lights, locks,

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and sensors communicate over low power wireless networks.

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Comparing the two,

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Zigbee uses a higher frequency of 2.4 gigahertz,

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which allows for faster data transfer

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and supports more devices making it good for bigger systems.

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Z-Wave uses a lower frequency around 900 megahertz.

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This lower frequency gives Z-Wave better range

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and the ability to go through walls making it more reliable

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in larger homes or buildings.

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Based on the higher frequency range that they operate in,

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Zigbee networks can sometimes face interference

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from other devices that use the same 2.4 gigahertz band

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like wifi routers.

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Z-Wave networks, however,

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are less likely to have this problem

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because they use a lower frequency.

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Overall, these wireless technologies enable smart devices

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to connect without needing lots of wiring,

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which makes them easy to set up and expand smart systems

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in homes and businesses.

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So remember, specialized systems are unique technologies

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like systems on a chip, embedded systems,

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internet of things devices,

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and wireless technologies, including radio frequency.

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Each of these systems has specific functions

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and requires tailored security measures to protect them.

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Systems on a chip integrate all necessary

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computing components into a single chip.

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Next, embedded systems are designed for dedicated purposes

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within larger devices,

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often running with limited resources for maximum efficiency.

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Next, IoT or internet of things devices

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connect to the internet,

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enabling real-time data exchange

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and are widely used in homes, industries, and healthcare.

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And finally, wireless technologies

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including radio frequency or RF,

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allow devices to communicate without physical connections,

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providing the foundation for many IoT

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and embedded systems to work together efficiently.