Copyright: Grammar ®1995-97 Translation Experts


Spanish Grammar Reference Help Contents

 Spanish Grammar Reference Help

©Translation Experts Ltd. and Translation Experts USA 1995-1998. All rights reserved.

Spanish Language

Spanish Alphabet

Pronunciation

Accent Marks & Verbal Stress

English & Spanish Word Similarities

English & Spanish Sentence Structure Similarities

Regular Verbs

Some Irregular Verbs

Definitions of Verb Forms

Nouns & Articles

Pronouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Possessives

Prepositions

Using Por & Para

Conjunctions

Comparatives & Superlatives

Forming Questions (Sentences)

Forming Questions (Interrogatives)

Forming Negatives

Cardinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers

Times, Days, Months, Years, Seasons, Direction, Measurement & Currency

Common Signs (street signs, notices, etc.

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The Spanish Language

 The Spanish Language in Latin America

Spanish is the second most spoken European language in the world (after English) and, together with French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian, constitute the five modern romance languages.

While the Spanish language has its roots firmly in Europe, most of the world's 392+ million Spanish-speaking people live elsewhere. In fact, non-European speakers of the language outnumber their European cousins by more than ten to one.

In addition to Spain, Spanish is the principal language of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela as well as a major secondary language in the United States, the Philippines, and many other countries of the world. This diffusion of the language closely parallels the travels of the Spanish over the past six centuries.


 The Spanish Alphabet

Note: With a language as widely spoken and diverse as Spanish, "correct" pronunciation is often a matter of who is speaking, where they come from and/or where one happens to be. In the following, we have chosen to use the pronunciations used in Columbia because we believe they come closest to being what might be considered the most "neutral" or "general" Latin American Spanish pronunciation, much akin to the "general American" pronunciation one might hear spoken by most U.S. newscasters.

Letter	Name	Singularly Pronounced	Like the English
a	a	aah	father
b	be	bay	book
c	ce	say	center
>>ch<<	che	chay	touch
d	de	day	dog
e	e	ay	gate
f	efe	effay	front
g	ge	hay	home (or go when followed by a, e, i, o, or u)
h	hache	aahchay	(always silent)
i	i	eee	easy
j	jota	hota	home
k	ka	kaah	clock
l	ele	elay	lady
>>ll<<	elye	eljay or elyeh	yes
m	eme	emay	man
n	ene	enay	no
ñ	eñe	en yeah	onion
o	o	oh	note
p	pe	pay	pit
q	qu	koo	(variable pronunciation)
r	ere	eh-ray	(variable pronunciation)
rr	erre	erray	(variable pronunciation)
s	ésse	essay	say
t	te	tay	stand
u	u	oo	rude
v	ve	vay	(variable pronunciation)
w	doblebe	doblayvay	(variable pronunciation)
x	ekis	ekees	(variable pronunciation)
y	i griega	ee gree-eh-gah	(variable pronunciation)
z	zeta	say-tah	(variable pronunciation)


 Spanish Pronunciation

Note: With a language as widely spoken and diverse as Spanish, "correct" pronunciation is often a matter of who is speaking, where they come from and/or where one happens to be. In the following, we have chosen to use the pronunciation used in Columbia because we believe they come closest to being what might be considered the most "neutral" or "general Latin American Spanish" pronunciation, much akin to the "general American" pronunciation one might hear spoken by most U.S. newscasters.

Click once on the vowel, diphthong, tripthong, consonant or diagraph listed below to view an English approximation of the pronunciation of each letter of the Spanish alphabet, an example of its use and a phonetic pronunciation in Spanish.

 Vowels

>> a <<

>> e <<

>> i <<

>> o <<

>> u <<

 Diphthongs

>> ai <<

>> au <<

>> ei <<

>> eu <<

>> oi <<

>> ia <<

>> ua <<

>> ie <<

>> ue <<

>> io <<

>> uo <<

>> iu <<

>> ui <<

 Tripthongs

>> iai <<

>> iau <<

>> iei <<

>> uai <<

>> uau <<

>> uei <<

 Consonants & Diagraphs

>> b <<

>> c << (before a, o or u)

>> c << (before e or i)

>> ch <<

>> d <<

>> f <<

>> g << (before a, o or u)

>> g << (before e or i)

>> h <<

>> j <<

>> k <<

>> l <<

>> ll << (double L)

>> m <<

>> n <<

>> ñ << (n with a tilde)

>> p <<

>> q <<

>> r <<

>> rr << (double r)

>> s <<

>> t <<

>> v <<

>> w <<

>> x <<

>> y <<

>> z <<


Vowel -- a -- pronounced as the a in father (e.g. casa = KAH-sah = house)


Vowel -- e -- pronounced as the ay in say (e.g. beso = BAY-so = kiss)


Vowel -- i -- pronounced as the ee in meet (e.g. mina = MEEn-ah = mine)


Vowel -- o -- pronounced as the o in vote (e.g. oso = OH-so = bear)


Vowel -- u -- pronounced as the oo in boot (e.g. tribu = tree-BOO = tribe)


A diphthong is a double vowel pronounced as a single sound.


A diagraph is a double consonant or vowel and consonant combination pronounced as a single sound.


A tripthong is a triple consonant or vowel and consonant combination pronounced as a single sound.


Diphthong -- ai -- pronounced as the ie in pie (e.g. aire = EYE-ray = air)


Diphthong -- au -- pronounced as the ow in cow (e.g. aula = OW-la = classroom)


Diphthong -- ei -- pronounced as the ay in day (e.g. reino = RAY-no = kingdom)


Diphthong -- eu -- pronounced as ay-oo like the ay in hay + the oo in boot (e.g. deuda = dAY-OOda = debt)


Diphthong -- oi -- pronounced like the oy in toy (e.g. oigo = OY - go = I Listen --verb)


Diphthong -- ia -- pronounced ee-ah like the ee in beet + the a in water (e.g. novia = no-VEE-AH = girlfriend)


Diphthong -- ua -- pronounced oo-ah like the oo in food + the a in father (e.g. agua = aw-GOO-AH = water)


Diphthong -- ie -- pronounced as the you in yes (e.g. miércoles = mEEYEA-rcolase = Wednesday)


Diphthong -- ue -- pronounced oo-ay like the oo in boot + the ay in way (e.g. huesped = OO-AY-sped = guest)


Diphthong  io  pronounced ee-oh like the ee in meet + the o in home (e.g. frio = fr-EE-O = cold)


Diphthong -- uo -- pronounced oo-oh like u as in tuna + the o in home (e.g. arduo = ar-dUO = very difficult)


Diphthong -- iu -- pronounced ee-oo like the ee in meet + the oo in shoot eyu (e.g. triunfo = trEE-OOn-foh = triumph)


Diphthong -- ui -- pronounced like we (e.g. cuidar = kWE-dahr = to care for)


Consonant -- b -- essentially the same as English, formed with both lips


Consonant -- c -- (before e or i) -- pronounced like the s in sink (e.g. cima = See-mah = summit/top)


Consonant -- c -- (before a, o or u) pronounced like the c in coin (e.g. casa = Kah-zah = house)


Diagraph -- ch -- pronounced like the ch in chip (e.g. chula = CHoo-la = pretty girl)

Note: In an effort to aid translation and standardize the language for computer use, the 10th Annual Conference of the Association of Spanish Language Academies voted to eliminate "ch" (an historical letter of the alphabet heading in dictionaries) from the Spanish alphabet. Henceforth, words beginning with "ch" (e.g. "chula") will be listed with those words beginning with "c"


Consonant -- d -- pronounced like the d in dust (e.g. dia = Dee-ah = day


Consonant -- f -- essentially the same as English


Consonant -- g -- (before a, o or u) pronounced as a hard g as in got (e.g. gato = Gah-toe = cat)


Consonant -- g -- (before e or i) -- pronounced as the soft h in held (e.g gelatina = Hel-a-teena = gelatine)


Consonant -- h -- always silent with a sound similar to the English h in here or how (e.g. halar = Ha-lar = to pull)


Consonant -- j -- pronounced like the h in house (e.g. jota = HOE-tah = the letter j)


Consonant -- k -- only used in words of non-Spanish origin (e.g. kilo = Kee-low)


Consonant -- l -- pronounced as the the l in lion (e.g. leon = Lay-own = lion)


Diagraph -- ll -- pronounced similar to the English y in young (e.g. llama = Yah-ma = llama)

Note: In an effort to aid translation and standardize the language for computer use, the 10th Annual Conference of the Association of Spanish Language Academies voted to eliminate "ll" (an historical letter of the alphabet heading in dictionaries) from the Spanish alphabet. Henceforth, words beginning with "ll" (e.g. "llama") will be listed with those words beginning with "l"


Tripthong -- iai -- pronounced ee-ay (e.g. desprecíais)


Tripthong -- iau -- pronounced ee-ow (e.g. miau)


Tripthong -- iei -- pronounced ee-ay (e.g. desprecíeis)


Tripthong -- uai -- pronounced oo-ay (e.g. evaluaís)


Tripthong -- uau -- pronounced oo-ow (e.g. guau)


Tripthong -- uei -- pronounced oo-ey (e.g. evaluéis)


Consonant -- m  pronounced like the m in mouse (e.g. amar = ah-Mar = to love)


Consonant -- n -- pronounced like the n in now (e.g. nadar = Nah-dahr = to swim)


Diagraph -- ñ -- pronounced like the ny in canyon (e.g. señora = sehN-YOHR-ah = Mrs.)


Diagraph -- p -- pronounced like the p in pepper (e.g. poco = Poe-coe = little)

(note: often silent in such words as septiembre = September and séptimo = seventh)


Diagraph -- q -- (before ue or ui) -- pronounced like the k in kite (e.g. quota = Kwoh-tah = quota)


Consonant -- r -- pronounced like the r in race (e.g. rio = Ree-o = river)


Diagraph -- rr -- rolled and pronounced stronger than a single r (e.g. marron = mah-dRRone = brown)


Consonant -- s -- between vowels pronounced like the s in nose (e.g. Brasil = brah-Zeel = Brazil), otherwise, very much like the s in satisfaction


Consonant -- t -- pronounced similar to the t in tooth (e.g. tambor = Tahm-bore = drum)


Consonant -- v -- pronounced similar to the b in boy, or like the Spanish b (e.g. vaca = Bah-cah = cow)


Consonant -- w -- only used in words of non-Spanish origin (e.g. Taiwan = tie-Wahn = Taiwan)


Consonant -- x -- pronounced like the ks in kicks (e.g. máximo = mah-KSee-mow = maximum)


Consonant -- y -- pronounced differently (Central America = like the j in jam) (South America = like the y in young) (note: as a conjunction, y is pronounced like the i in machine) (y = and)


Consonant -- z -- pronounced like the s in slipper (e.g. zanahoria = Sah-na-or-ee-a = carrot)


Accent Marks & Verbal Stress

 Accent Marks and Verbal Stress

Verbal Stress

Special Rules of Verbal Stress

The Acute Accent Above an -á, -é, -í. -ó or -ú

The Tilde Above an ñ

Words Ending with -a, -e, -o, -as, -es, -os, -am, -em or -ens

Words Ending with Diphthongs or Other Letters


Verbal Stress

Every Spanish word of more than one syllable usually has one syllable which is stressed more than the others. A written accent mark must be used to indicate this stress.

General Rules

1 Except for words that follow special rules, most monosyllabic words do not require written accents (e.g. en = in, or soy = I am).

2 Words stressed on the final syllable require a written accent on that syllable when they end in a vowel or the consonant n or s (e.g. café, camión, cafés). In all other cases, a written accent is not required (e.g. valor or sutil).

3 Words stressed on the penultimate syllable require an accent (diacritical) on that syllable whenever the word does not end in a vowel or the consonants n or s (e.g. árbol = tree, inútil = useless, as opposed to casa = house or acento = accent).

4 Words stressed on the antepenultimate syllable require a written accent on that syllable (e.g. miércoles = Wednesday, barítono = baritone).

5 When determining stress, the letter y is considered a consonant, consequently, it never appears with a written accent.


Special Rules of Verbal Stress

Certain words (especially monosyllables) require an accent (diacritical) to distinguish them from the homonyms:

él = he

el = the

tú = you

tu = your

mí = me

mi = my

sí = yes

si (mismo) = himself/herself/yourself

si = if

más = more

mas = but

sé = conjugation of the verb(s) saber (I know) or ser (be) (e.g. sé listo = be ready)

se (reflexive pronoun) = him/her/it/yourself

dé = conjugation of the verb dar = to give; e.g.: give me (command)

de = of/from

té = tea

te = the letter t

te = you familiar

aún = still

aun = only

sólo = only/alone (e.g. sólo yo = only me)

solo = even

The following demonstrative pronouns also require a written accent to distinguish them from demonstrative adjectives:

éste (m)/ésta (f)	this one
ése (m)/ésa (f)	that one
aquél (m)/aquélla (f)	that one (farthest from the speaker)
éstos (m)/éstas (f)	these
ésos (m)/ésas (f)	those
aquéllos (m)/aquéllas (f)	those (farthest from speaker)

In both direct and indirect questions and exclamations, the following words require a written accent:

qué	what
quién	who
cuál	which
cuánto	how many
cuándo	when
cómo	how
por qué	why
dónde	where


The Acute Accent Above an á, é, í, ó and ú

The Acute Accent Above an -á, -é, -í. -ó or -ú

The acute accent above an á, é, í, ó, or ú indicates verbal stress of the syllable containing it, for example:

árabe = AH-rabe = Arab

antiséptico = an-tee-SEP-tee-koh = antiseptic

patrício = pah-TREE-see-oh = patrician

órgano = OR-gano = organ

último = OOL-tee-moh = last


Tilde Above an Ñ

The Tilde Above an -ñ

A tilde (~) above an ñ both nasalizes and stresses the syllable when spoken, for example:

niño = nee-NYo = child


Words Ending with -a, -e, -o, -as, -es, -os, -am, -em and -ens

Words Ending with -a, -e, -o, -as, -es, -os, -am, -em or -ens

Words ending with a, e or o or an a, e or o in combination with s, n or ns (e.g. -as, -es, -os, -an, -en, -ens) are stressed on the syllable immediately before the last syllable, for example:

Ending In	Spanish	Stress	English
-a	casa	KAH-sah	house
-e	verde	BEAR-day	green
-o	amigo	ah-MEE-go	friend
-as	notas	NOH-tas	notes
-es	paquetes	pah-KE-tayes	packages
-os	pecosos	peh-COH-soes	freckly
-an	hablan	AH-blan	talk (they/you all talk)
-en	comen	CO-men	eat (they/you all eat)


Words Ending with Diphthongs or Any Other Letter

Words Ending with Diphthongs or Other Letters

Words not ending in -a, -e and -o or -as, -es, -os, -an, -en or -ens are all stressed on the last syllable. Additionally, words that do not contain a letter with an acute accent (e.g. á, é, í, ó, ú) are all stressed on the last syllable, for example:

perversidad = wickedness/depravity

internacional = international

favor = favor

disolver = dissolve (verb) (to...)


 English & Spanish Word Similarities

While most often pronounced very differently, many Spanish words are somewhat similar to their English counterparts in both spelling and meaning, for example:

Spanish	English
anual	annual
área	area
aroma	aroma
batería	battery
capital	capital
causa	cause
cheque	check
diferente	different
dirección	direction
edición	edition
elevador	elevator
especial	special
famoso	famous
figura	figure
fino	fine
fotocopia	photocopy
frase	phrase
historia	history
hotel	hotel
igual	equal
momento	moment
nación	nation
perfume	perfume
plástico	plastic
problema	problem
profesor	professor
radio	radio
raro	rare
rosa	rose
saco	sack
teléfono	telephone
televisión	television
zero	zero


 English & Spanish Sentence Structure Similarities

The word order of both English and Spanish sentences is often very similar if not the same. Additionally, because many Spanish and English words are spelled in a similar manner and mean the same thing, understanding some Spanish sentences can often be accomplished with only a little knowledge of the language and grammar, for example:

Caracas es la capital de Venezuela.

Caracas is the capital of Venezuela.

La familia generalmente visita los domingos.

The family generally visits on Sunday.


Regular Verbs

 Regular Verbs -- 1st, 2nd & 3rd Conjugations

See a list of the singular and plural subject pronouns and the notations used for all conjugation tables before proceeding. Also, see the Definitions of Verb Forms.

1st Conjugation AR = Full Conjugations of All Regular Spanish Verbs Ending with AR or Quick Conjugation Chart of the Simple Present Indicative

2nd Conjugation ER = Full Conjugations of All Regular Spanish Verbs Ending with ER or Quick Conjugation Chart of the Simple Present Indicative

3rd Conjugation IR = Full Conjugations of All Regular Spanish Verbs Ending with IR or Quick Conjugation Chart of the Simple Present Indicative


Subject Pronouns

     Singular

Spanish	English
yo (m & f)	I
tú/vos (m & f)	you (familiar)
él (m)	he
ella (f)	she
usted (m & f, formal --abbr.= Ud.)	you (formal)
     Plural

Spanish	English
nosotros (m & f)	we
vosotros (m & f)	you (you)
ellos (m)	they, you (pl.)
ellas (f)	they, you (pl.)
ustedes (m & f, formal pl. -- abbr. = Uds.)	you (pl.)


Notations Used

(-) = minus/subtract

(+) = add/plus

(/) = and/or

( = ) = equals/results in


 Some Irregular Verbs

While not all irregular or defective Spanish verbs are included here, some of the most used and useful are. See a list of the singular and plural subject pronouns and the notations used for all conjugation tables before proceeding. Please be aware that many defective verbs are only irregular in a very few forms while some have almost no regular forms. Also, see the Definitions of Verb Forms.

dar = to give

decir = to say/to tell

estar = to be (temporary or accidental condition)

hacer = to do/to make

haber = to have/to possess/to own/to happen

ir = to go

oir = to hear

poner = to put/to place

querer = to want/to be willing

saber = to know

ser = to be (permanent condition or inherent characteristic)

tener = to have

traer = to bring/to have/to carry

valer = to be worth

venir = to come


-AR Quick Conjugation Chart

 -AR Quick Conjugation Chart -- Simple Present Indicative

The verb hablar (to speak) is used here as the example for all regular verbs ending in -ar. Please see the notations used before proceeding.

1st Person Singular yo	hablar - ar = habl	+ o =	hablo	= I speak
2nd Person Singular tú (familiar) vos (familiar)	hablar - ar = habl	+ as =	hablas	= you speak
3rd Person Singular él ella usted (formal)	hablar - ar = habl	+ a =	habla	= he speaks = she speaks = you speak
1st Person Plural nosotros vosotros	hablar - ar = habl hablar - ar = habl	+amo =  +eis =	hablamos hableis	= we speak = you speak
3rd Person Plural ellos ellas ustedes (formal)	hablar - ar = habl	+ an =	hablan	= they speak = you (pl.) speak


1st Conjugation -AR--All Regular Spanish Verbs Ending with -AR

 1st Conjugation AR -- All Regular Verbs Ending with AR

While only the Spanish verb hablar (to speak) is used as the example for the 1st conjugation, the rules contained here pertain to all regular verbs ending in -ar. See a list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding. Also, see the Definitions of Verb Forms.

INFINITIVE (to speak)

PARTICIPLES & GERUND (spoken, speaking)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I was speaking/I used to speak)

PRETERIT INDICATIVE (I spoke)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak/I shall speak)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE (I have spoken/I have been speaking)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE (I had spoken)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE (I will have spoken/I shall have spoken)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I may speak)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I might speak)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE (if I were to speak/if I would speak/if I should speak/if I may speak/if I might speak)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I may have spoken)

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I might have spoken)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (if I were to speak/if I would speak/if I should have spoken/if I may have spoken/if I might have spoken)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

SIMPLE (I would speak/I should speak)

COMPOUND (I would have spoken/I should have spoken)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

AFFIRMATIVE FORM (speak you/you/we/you/they or you (pl.)


1st Conjugation AR--Impersonal & Personal Infinitive
1st Conjugation -ar

INFINITIVE: hablar = to speak


1st Conjugation AR--Participles & Gerund
1st Conjugation -ar

PARTICIPLES and GERUND: (spoke/spoken, speaking)

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = hablar - ar = habl + ado = hablado (spoke/spoken)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = hablar - ar = habl + ando = hablando (speaking)


1st Conjugation AR--Present Indicative
1st Conjugation -ar

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I speak)

(yo) hablar- ar = habl + o = hablo = (I speak)

(tú/vos) hablar - ar = habl; + as = hablas = (you speak)

(él, ella, usted) hablar - ar = habl + a = habla = (he/she speaks, you speak)

(nosotros) hablar - ar = habl + amos = hablamos = (we speak)

(vosotros) hablar - ar = habl + ais = hablais = (you speak)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hablar - ar = habl + an = hablan = (they/you (pl.) speak)


1st conjugation AR--Imperfect Indicative
1st Conjugation -ar

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE: (I was speaking, I used to speak)

(yo) hablar - ar = habl + aba = hablaba = (I was speaking, I used to speak)

(tú/vos) hablar - ar = habl + abas = hablabas = (you were speaking, you used to speak)

(él, ella, usted) hablar - ar = habl + aba = hablaba = (he/she was speaking, you were speaking, he/she/you used to speak)

(nosotros) hablar - ar = habl + ábamos = hablábamos = (we were speaking, we used to speak)

(vosotros) hablar - ar = habl + abais = hablabais = (you were speaking, you used to speak)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habar - ar = habl + aban = hablaban = (they/you (pl.) were speaking, they/you (pl.) used to speak)


1st conjugation AR--Preterit Indicative
1st Conjugation -ar

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRETERIT INDICATIVE: (I spoke)

(yo) hablar - ar = habl + é = hablé = (I spoke)

(tú/vos) hablar - ar = habl +astes = hablastes = (you spoke)

(él, ella, usted) hablar - ar = habl +ó = habló = (he/she/you spoke)

(nosotros) hablar - ar = habl +amos = hablamos = (we spoke)

(vosotros) hablar - ar = habl +asteis = hablasteis = (you spoke)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hablar - ar = habl +aron = hablaron = (they/you (pl.) spoke)


1st conjugation AR--Simple Future Indicative
1st Conjugation -ar

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall speak)

(Infinitive of verb hablar + é/as/á/emos/éis/án)

(yo) hablar + é = hablaré = (I will/shall speak)

(tú/vos) hablar + as = hablaras = (you will speak)

(él, ella, usted) hablar + á = hablará = (he/she/you will speak)

(nosotros) hablar + emos = hablaremos = (we will speak/we shall speak)

(vosotros) hablar + éis = hablareis = (you will speak)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hablar + án = hablaran = (they/you (pl.) will speak)


1st conjugation AR--Simple Perfect Indicative
1st Conjugation -ar

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have spoken, I have been speaking)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb hablar = hablado)

(yo) he hablado = (I have spoken, I have been speaking = yo he estado hablando)

(tú/vos) has hablado = (you have spoken, you have been speaking = tú has estado hablando)

(él, ella, usted) ha hablado = (he/she has spoken, you have spoken, he/she has been speaking, you have been speaking = él, ella, usted ha estado hablando)

(nosotros) hemos hablado = (we have spoken; we have been speaking = nosotros hemos estado hablando)

(vosotros) habéis hablado = (you have spoken; you have been speaking = vosotros habéis estado hablando)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han hablado = (they/you (pl.) have spoken, they/you (pl.) have been speaking = ellos han estado hablando)


1st conjugation AR--Pluperfect Indicative
1st Conjugation -ar

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PLUPERFECT AND PAST ANTERIOR INDICATIVE: (I had spoken)

(Imperfect Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb hablar = hablado)

(yo) había or hube hablado = (I had spoken)

(tú/vos) habías or hubiste hablado = (you had spoken)

(él, ella, usted) había or hubo hablado = (he/she/you had spoken)

(nosotros) habíamos or hubimos hablado = (we had spoken)

(vosotros) habíais or hubisteis hablado = (you had spoken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían or hubieron hablado = (they/you (pl.) had spoken)


1st conjugation AR--Future Perfect Indicative
1st Conjugation -ar

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have spoken)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb hablar = hablado)

(yo) habré hablado = (I will/shall have spoken)

(tú/vos) habrás hablado = (you will/shall have spoken)

(él, ella, usted) habrá hablado = (he/she/you will have spoken, he/she/you shall have spoken)

(nosotros) habremos hablado = (we will/shall have spoken)

(vosotros) habréis hablado = (you will/shall have spoken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán hablado = (they/you (pl.) will/shall have spoken)


1st conjugation AR--Present Subjunctive
1st Conjugation -ar

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may speak)

(1st person singular present indicative = hablo - o = habl + e/es/e/emos/éis/en)

(yo) hablo - o = habl + e = hable = (I may speak)

(tú/vos) hablo - o = habl + es = hables = (you may speak)

(él, ella, usted) hablo - o = habl + e = hable = (he/she/you may speak)

(nosotros) hablo - o = habl + emos = hablemos = (we may speak)

(vosotros) hablo - o = habl + éis = habléis = (you may speak)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hablo - o = habl +en = hablen = (they/you (pl.) may speak)


1st conjugation AR--Imperfect Subjunctive
1st Conjugation -ar

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might speak)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = hablaran - ran = habl + ara/aras/ara/arámos/arais/aran)

(yo) hablaran- ran = habl + ara = hablara = (I might speak)

(tú/vos) hablaran - ran = habl + aras = hablaras = (you might speak)

(él, ella, usted) hablaran - ran = habl + ara = hablara = (he/she/you might speak)

(nosotros) hablaran - ran = habl + arámos = hablarámos = (we might speak)

(vosotros) hablaran - ran = habl + arais = hablarais = (you might speak)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hablaran - ran = habl + aran = hablaran = (they/you (pl.) might speak)


1st conjugation AR--Future Subjunctive
1st Conjugation -ar

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to speak/if I would speak/if I should speak/if I may speak/if I might speak)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = hablaran - ran = habl + ara/aras/ara/áramos/arais/aran)

(yo) hablaran - ran = habl + ara = hablara (if I were to speak, if I would/should speak, if I may speak, if I might speak)

(tú/vos) hablaran - ran = habl + aras = hablaras = (if you were to speak, if you would/should speak, if you may speak, if you might speak)

(él, ella, usted) hablaran - ran = habl + ara = hablara = (if he/she/you were to speak, if he/she/you would/should speak, if he/she/you may speak, if he/she/youmight speak)

(nosotros) hablaran - ran = habl + áramos = habláramos = (if we were to speak, if we would/should speak, if we may speak, if we might speak)

(vosotros) hablaran - ran = habl + arais = hablarais = (if you were to speak, if you would/should speak, if you may speak, if you might speak)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hablaran - ran = habl + aran = hablaran = (if they/you (pl.) were to speak, if they/you (pl/) would speak, if they/you (pl.) may speak, if they/you (pl.) might speak)


1st conjugation AR--Present Perfect Subjunctive
1st Conjugation -ar

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I may have spoken)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb hablar = hablado)

(yo) haya hablado = (I may have spoken)

(tú/vos) hayas hablado = (you may have spoken)

(él, ella, usted) haya hablado = (he/she/you may have spoken)

(nosotros) hayamos hablado = (we may have spoken)

(vosotros) hayáis hablado = (you may have spoken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan hablado = (they/you (pl.) may have spoken)


1st conjugation AR--Pluperfect Subjunctive
1st Conjugation -ar

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I might have spoken)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb hablar = hablado)

(yo) hubiera or hubiese hablado = (I might have spoken)

(tú/vos) hubieras or hubieses hablado = (you might have spoken)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera or hubiese hablado = (he/she/you might have spoken)

(nosotros) hubiéramos or hubiesemos hablado = (we might have spoken)

(vosotros) hubierais or hubieseis hablado = (you might have spoken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran or hubiesen hablado = (they/you (pl.) might have spoken)


1st conjugation AR--Future Perfect Subjunctive
1st Conjugation -ar

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to speak, if I would/should have spoken, if I may have spoken, if I might have spoken)

(Future Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb hablar = hablado)

(yo) hubiera hablado = (if I were to speak, if I would/should have spoken, if I may have spoken, if I might have spoken)

(tú/vos) hubieras hablado = (if you were to speak, if you would/should have spoken, if you may have spoken, if you might have spoken)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera hablado = (if he/she/you were to speak, if he/she/you would/should have spoken/if he/she/you may have spoken, if he/she/you might have spoken)

(nosotros) hubiéramos hablado = (if we were to speak, if we would/should have spoken, if we may have spoken, if we might have spoken)

(vosotros) hubierais hablado = (if you were to speak, if you would/should have spoken, if you may have spoken, if you might have spoken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran hablado = (if they/you (pl.) were to speak, if they/you (pl.) would/should have spoken, if they/you (pl.) may have spoken, if they/you (pl.) might have spoken)


1st conjugation AR--Conditional Simple
1st Conjugation -ar

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(The Conditional is called the preterit future in Spanish)

(SIMPLE): (I would/should speak)

(Infinitive or verb hablar + ía/ías/ía/íamos/eis/ian)

(yo) hablar + ía = hablaría = (I would/should speak)

(tú/vos) hablar + ías = hablarías = (you would speak)

(él, ella, usted) hablar + ía = hablaría = (he/she/you would speak)

(nosotros) hablar + íamos = hablaríamos = (we would/should speak)

(vosotros) hablar + eis = hablareis = (you would speak)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hablar + ian = hablarían = (they/you (pl.) would speak)


1st conjugation AR--Conditional Compound
1st Conjugation -ar

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(The Conditional is called the preterit future in Spanish)

(COMPOUND): (I would/should have spoken)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb hablar = hablado)

(yo) habría hablado = (I would/should have spoken)

(tú/vos) habrías hablado = (you would have spoken)

(él, ella, usted) habría hablado = (he/she/you would have spoken)

(nosotros) habríamos hablado = (we would/should have spoken)

(vosotros) habríais hablado = (you would have spoken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían hablado = (they/you (pl.) would have spoken)


1st conjugation AR--Imperative Mood--Affirmative
1st Conjugation -ar

IMPERATIVE MOOD

The imperative mood per se only has forms for the second person: habla (tú/vos) and hablad (vosotros). The imperative forms for all others are taken from the subjunctive mood.

hablar - ar = habl + a = habla (tú/vos)

hablar - ar = habl + emos = hablemos (nosotros)

hablar - ar = habl + ad = hablad (vosotros)

hablar - ar = habl + en = hablen (ellos, ellas, ustedes)


-ER Quick Conjugation Chart

 -ER Quick Conjugation Chart -- Simple Present Indicative

The verb beber (to drink) is used here as the example for all regular verbs ending in -er. Please see the notations used before proceeding.

1st Person Singular yo	beber - er = beb	+ o =	bebo	= I drink
2nd Person Singular tú (familiar) vos (familiar)	beber - er = beb	+ es =	bebes	= you drink
3rd Person Singular él ella usted (formal)	beber - er = beb	+ e =	bebe	= he drinkks = she drinks = you drink
1st Person Plural nosotros vosotros	beber - er = beb  beber - er = beb	+ emos =  + eis =	bebemos bebeis	= we drink = you drink
3rd Person Plural ellos ellas ustedes (formal)	beber - er = beb	+ en =	beben	= they break = you (pl.) break


2nd Conjugation -ER--All Regular Spanish Verbs Ending with -ER

 2nd Conjugation ER -- All Regular Verbs Ending with ER

While only the Spanish verb beber (to drink) is used as the example for the 2nd conjugation, the rules contained here pertain to all regular verbs ending in -er. See the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding. Also, see the Definitions of Verb Forms.

IMPERSONAL (to drink)

PERSONAL INFINITIVE (me to drink)

PARTICIPLES & GERUND (drank/drunk, drinking)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE (I drink)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I was drinking/I used to drink)

PRETERIT INDICATIVE (I spoke)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will drink/I shall drink)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE (I have drunk/I have been drinking)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE (I had drunk)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE (I will have drunk/I shall have drunk)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I may drink)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I might drink)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE (if I were to drink/if I would drink/if I should drink/if I may drink/if I might drink)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I may have drunk)

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I might have drunk)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (if I were to drink/if I would drink/if I should have drunk/if I may have drunk/if I might have drunk)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

SIMPLE (I would drink/I should drink)

COMPOUND (I would have drunk/I should have drunk)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

AFFIRMATIVE FORM (drink you/you/we/you/they or you (pl.)


1st Conjugation ER--Impersonal & Personal Infinitive
1st Conjugation -ar

IMPERSONAL: beber = to drink


2nd conjugation ER--Participles & Gerund
2nd Conjugation -er

PARTICIPLES and GERUND: (drank/drunk, drinking)

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = beber - er = beb + ido = bebido (drank/drunk)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = beber - er = beb + iendo = bebiendo (drinking)


2nd conjugation ER--Present Indicative
2nd Conjugation -er

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I drink)

(yo) beber - er = beb + o = bebo = (I drink)

(tú/vos) beber - er = beb + es = bebes = (you drink)

(él, ella, usted) beber - er = beb + e = bebe = (he/she drinks, you drink)

(nosotros) beber - er = beb + emos = bebemos = (we drink)

(vós) beber - er = beb + éis = bebéis = (you drink)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) beber - er = beb + en = beben = (they/you (pl.) drink)


2nd conjugation ER--Imperfect Indicative
2nd Conjugation -er

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE: (I was drinking, I used to drink)

(yo) beber - er = beb + ía = bebía = (I was drinking, I used to drink)

(tú/vos) beber - er = beb + ías = bebías = (you were drinking, you used to drink)

(él, ella, usted) beber - er = beb + ía = bebía = (he/she was drinking, you were drinking, he/she/you used to drink)

(nosotros) beber - er = beb + íamos = bebíamos = (we were drinking, we used to drink)

(vosotros) beber - er = beb + íais = bebíais = (you were drinking, you used to drink)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) beber - er = beb + ían = bebían = (they/you (pl.) were drinking, they/you (pl.) used to drink)


2nd conjugation ER--Preterit Indicative
2nd Conjugation -er

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRETERITE INDICATIVE: (I drank)

(yo) beber - er = beb + í = bebí = (I drank)

(tú/vos) beber - er = beb + iste = bebiste = (you drank)

(él, ella, usted) beber - er = beb + ió = bebió = (he/she/you drank)

(nosotros) beber - er = beb + imos = bebimos = (we drank)

(vosotros) beber - er = beb + isteis = bebisteis = (you drank)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) beber - er = beb + ieron = bebieron = (they/you (pl.) drank)


2nd conjugation ER--Simple Future Indicative
2nd Conjugation -er

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall drink)

(Infinitive of verb beber + é/ás/á/emos/éis/án)

(yo) beber + é = beberé = (I will/shall drink)

(tú/vos) beber + ás = beberás = (you will/shall drink)

(él, ella, usted) beber + á = beberá = (he/she/you will/shall drink)

(nosotros) beber + emos = beberemos = (we will/shall drink)

(vosotros) beber + éis = beberéis = (you will/shall drink)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) beber + án = beberán = (they/you (pl.) will/shall drink)


2nd conjugation ER--Present Perfect Indicative
2nd Conjugation -er

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have drunk, I have been drinking)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb beber = bebido)

(yo) he bebido = (I have drunk; I have been drinking = yo he estado bebiendo)

(tú/vos) has bebido = (you have drunk; you have been drinking = tú has estado bebiendo)

(él, ella, usted) ha bebido = (he/she has drunk, you have drunk; he/she has been drinking,

you have been drinking = él, ella, usted ha estado bebiendo)

(nosotros) hemos bebido = (we have drunk; we have been drinking = nosotros hemos estado bebiendo)

(vosotros) habéis bebido = (you have drunk; you have been drinking = vosotros habéis estado bebiendo)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han bebido = (they/you (pl.) have drunk; they/you (pl.) have been drinking = ellos, ellas, han estado bebiendo)


2nd conjugation ER--Pluperfect Indicative
2nd Conjugation -er

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PLUPERFECT AND PAST ANTERIOR INDICATIVE: (I had drunk)

(Imperfect Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb beber = bebido)

(yo) había or hube bebido = (I had drunk)

(tú/vos) habías or hubiste bebido = (you had drunk)

(él, ella, usted) había or hubo bebido = (he/she/you had drunk)

(nosotros) habíamos or hubimos bebido = (we had drunk)

(vosotros) habiaís or hubisteis bebido = (you had drunk)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían or hubieron bebido = (they/you (pl.) had drunk)


2nd conjugation ER--Future Perfect Indicative
2nd Conjugation -er

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have drunk)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb beber = bebido)

(yo) habré bebido = (I will/shall have drunk)

(tú/vos) habrás bebido = (you will have drunk)

(él, ella, usted) habrá bebido = he/she/you will have drunk)

(nosotros) habramos bebido = (we will/shall have drunk)

(vós) habréis bebido = (you will have drunk)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán bebido = (they/you (pl.) will have drunk)


2nd conjugation ER--Present Subjunctive
2nd Conjugation -er

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may drink)

(1st person singular presente indicative = bebo - o = beb + a/as/a/amos/áis/an)

(yo) bebo - o = beb + a = beba = (I may drink)

(tú/vos) bebo - o = beb + as = bebas = (you may drink)

(él, ella, usted) bebo - o = beb + a = beba = (he/she/you may drink)

(nosotros) bebo - o = beb + amos = bebamos = (we may drink)

(vosotros) bebo - o = beb + áis = bebáis = (you may drink)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) bebo - o = beb + an = beban = (they/you (pl.) may drink)


2nd conjugation ER--Imperfect Subjunctive
2nd Conjugation -er

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might drink)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = bebieran - ran = bebe + iera/ieras/iera/iéramos/ierais/ieran)

(yo) bebieran - ran = beb + iera = bebiera = (I might drink)

(tú/vos) bebieran - ran = beb + ieras = bebieras = (you might drink)

(él, ella, usted) bebieran - ran = beb + iera = bebiera = (he/she/you might drink)

(nosotros) bebieran - ran = beb + iéramos = bebiéramos = (we might drink)

(vosotros) bebieran - ran = beb + ierais = bebierais = (you might drink)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) bebieran - ran = beb + ieran = bebieran = (they/you (pl.) may drink)


2nd conjugation ER--Future Subjunctive
2nd Conjugation -er

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to drink, if I would/should drink, if I may drink, if I might drink)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = bebieran - ran = bebe + iere/ieres/iere/iéremos/iereis/ieren

(yo) bebieran - ran = beb + iere = bebiere = (if I were to drink, if I would/should drink, if I may drink, if I might drink)

(tú/vos) bebieran - ran = beb + ieres = bebieres = (if you were to drink, if you would/should drink, if you may drink, if you might drink)

(él, ella, usted) bebieran - ran = beb + iere = bebiere = (if he/she/you were to drink, if he/she/you would/should drink, if he/she/you may drink, if he/she/you might drink)

(nosotros) bebieran - ran = beb + iéremos = bebiéremos = (if we were to drink, if we would/should drink, if we may drink, if we might drink)

(vosotros) bebieran - ran = beb + iereis = bebiereis = (if you were to drink, if you would/should drink, if you may drink, if you might drink)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) bebieran - ran = beb + ieren = bebieren = (if they/you (pl.) were to drink, if they/you (pl.) would/should drink, if they/you (pl.) may drink, if they/you (pl.) might drink)


2nd conjugation ER--Present Perfect Subjunctive
2nd Conjugation -er

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may have drunk)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb beber = bebido)

(yo) haya bebido = (I may have drunk)

(tú/vos) hayas bebido = (you may have drunk)

(él, ella, usted) haya bebido = (he/she/you may have drunk)

(nosotros) hayamos bebido = (we may have drunk)

(vosotros) hayáis bebido = (you may have drunk)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan bebido = (they/you (pl.) may have drunk)


2nd conjugation ER--Pluperfect Subjunctive
2nd Conjugation -er

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might have drunk)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb beber = bebido)

(yo) hubiera or hubiese bebido = (I might have drunk)

(tú/vos) hubieras or hubieses bebido = (you might have drunk)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera or hubiese bebido = (he/she/you might have drunk)

(nosotros) hubiéramos or hubiesemos bebido = (we might have drunk)

(vosotros) hubierais or hubieseis bebido = (you might have drunk)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran or hubiesen bebido = (they/you (pl.) might have drunk)


2nd conjugation ER--Future Perfect Subjunctive
2nd Conjugation -er

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to drink, if I would/should have drunk, if I may have drunk, if I might have drunk)

(Future Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb beber = bebido)

(yo) hubiera bebido = (if I were to drink, if I would/should have drunk, if I may have drunk, if I might have drunk)

(tú/vos) hubieras bebido = (if you were to drink, if you would/should have drunk, if you may have drunk, if you might have drunk)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera bebido = (if he/she/you were to drink, if he/she/you would/should have drunk, if he/she/you may have drunk, if he/she/you might have drunk)

(nosotros) hubiéramos bebido = (if we were to drink, if we would/should have drunk, if we may have drunk, if we might have drunk)

(vosotros) hubierais bebido = (if you were to drink, if you would/should have drunk, if you may have drunk, if you might have drunk)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran bebido = (if they/you (pl.) were to drink, if they/you (pl.) would/should have drunk, if they/you (pl.) may have drunk, if they/you (pl.) might have drunk)


2nd conjugation ER--Conditional Simple
2nd Conjugation -er

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE): (I would/should drink)

(Infinitive of verb beber + ía/ías/ía/íamos/íais/ían)

(yo) beber + ía = bebería = (I would/should drink)

(tú/vos) beber + ías = beberías = (you would/should drink)

(él, ella, usted) beber + ía = bebería = (he/she/you would/should drink)

(nosotros) beber + íamos = beberíamos = (we would/should drink)

(vosotros) beber + íais = beberíais = (you would/should drink)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) beber + ían = beberían = (they/you (pl.) would/should drink)


2nd conjugation ER--Conditional Compound
2nd Conjugation -er

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(COMPOUND): (I would/should have drunk)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb beber = bebido)

(yo)habría bebido = (I would/should have drunk)

(tú/vos) habrías bebido = (you would/should have drunk)

(él, ella, usted) habría bebido = (he/she/you would/should have drunk)

(nosotros) habríamos bebido = (we would/should have drunk)

(vosotros) habríais bebido = (you would/should have drunk)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían bebido = (they/you (pl.) would/should have drunk)


2nd conjugation ER--Imperative Mood--Affirmative
2nd Conjugation -er

IMPERATIVE MOOD

The imperative mood (per se) only has forms for the second person: bebe (tú/vos) and bebed (vosotros). The imperative forms for all others are taken from the subjunctive mood.

beber - er = beb + e = bebe (tú/vos)

beber - er = beb + amos = bebamos (nosotros)

beber - er = beb + ed = bebed (vosotros)

beber - er = beb + an = beban (ellos, ellas, ustedes)


-IR Quick Conjugation Chart

 -IR Quick Conjugation Chart -- Simple Present Indicative

The verb partir (to break) is used here as the example for all regular verbs ending in -ir. Please see the notations used before proceeding.

1st Person Singular yo	partir - er = part	+ o =	parto	= I break
2nd Person Singular tú (familiar) vos (familiar)	partir - er = part	+ es =	partes	= you break
3rd Person Singular él ella usted (formal)	partir - er = part	+ e =	parte	= he breaks = she breaks = you break
1st Person Plural nosotros vosotros	partir - er = part partir - er = part	+ imos =  + eis =	partimos parteis	= we break = you break
3rd Person Plural ellos ellas ustedes (formal)	partir - er = part	+ en =	parten	= they break = you (pl.) break


3rd Conjugation -IR--All Regular Spanish Verbs Ending with -IR

 3rd Conjugation IR -- All Regular Verbs Ending with IR

While only the Spanish verb partir (to break) is used as the example for the 3rd conjugation, the rules contained here pertain to all regular verbs ending in -ir. See the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding. Also, see the Definitions of Verb Forms.

IMPERSONAL (to break)

PARTICIPLES & GERUND (broken, breaking)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE (I break)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I was breaking/I used to break)

PRETERIT INDICATIVE (I broke)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will break/I shall break)

COMPOUND FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will break/I shall break)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE (I have broken/I have been breaking)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE (I had broken)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE (I will have broken/I shall have broken)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I may break)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I might break)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE (if I were to break/if I would break/if I should break/if I may break/if I might break)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I may have broken)

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I might have broken)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (if I were to break/if I would break/if I should have broken/if I may have broken/if I might have broken)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

SIMPLE (I would break/I should break)

COMPOUND (I would have broken/I should have broken)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

AFFIRMATIVE FORM (break you/you/we/you/they or you (pl.)


3rd conjugation -IR--Impersonal & Personal Infinitive
3rd Conjugation -ir

IMPERSONAL: partir = to break


3rd conjugation -IR--Participles & Gerund
3rd Conjugation -ir

PARTICIPLES and GERUND: (broke/broken, breaking)

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = partir - ir = part + ido = partido (broke/broken)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = partir - ir = part - iendo = partiendo (breaking)


3rd conjugation -IR--Present Indicative
3rd Conjugation -ir

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I break)

(yo) partir - ir = part + o = parto = (I break)

(tú/vos) partir - ir = part + es = partes = (you break)

(él, ella, usted) partir - ir = part + e = parte = (he/she breaks, you break)

(nosotros) partir - ir = part + imos = partimos = (we break)

(vosotros) partir - ir = part + ís = partís = (you break)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) partir - ir = part + en = parten = (they/you (pl.) break)


3rd conjugation -IR--Imperfect Indicative
3rd Conjugation -ir

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE: (I was breaking, I used to break)

(yo) partir - ir = part + ía = partía = (I was breaking, I used to break)

(tú/vos) partir - ir = part + ías = partías = (you were breaking, you used to break)

(él, ella, usted) partir - ir = part + ía = partía = (he/she was breaking, you were breaking, he/she/you used to break)

(nosotros) partir - ir = part + íamos = partíamos = (we were breaking, we used to break)

(vosotros) partir - ir = part + íais = partíais = (you were breaking, you used to break)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) partir - ir = part + ían = partían = (they/you (pl.) were breaking, they/you (pl.) used to break)


3rd conjugation -IR--Preterit Indicative
3rd Conjugation -ir

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRETERITE INDICATIVE: (I broke)

(yo) partir - ir = part + í = partí = (I broke)

(tú/vos) partir - ir = part + iste = partiste = (you broke)

(él, ella, usted) partir - ir = part + ió = partió = (he/she/you broke)

(nosotros) partir - ir = part + imos = partimos = (we broke)

(vosotros) partir - ir = part + isteis = partisteis = (you broke)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) partir - ir = part + ieron = partieron = (they/you (pl.) broke)


3rd conjugation -IR--Simple Future Indicative
3rd Conjugation -ir

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall break)

(Infinitive of verb partir + é/ás/á/emos/éis/án)

(yo) partir + é = partiré = (I will/shall break)

(tú/vos) partir + ás = partirás = (you will break)

(él, ella, usted) partir + á = partirá = (he/she/you will break)

(nosotros) partir + emos = partiremos = (we will/shall break)

(vosotros) partir + éis = partiréis = (you will break)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) partir + án = partirán = (they/you (pl.) will break)


3rd conjugation -IR--Compound Future Indicative
3rd Conjugation -ir

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

COMPOUND FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I am going to break)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb ir (to go) = voy a/vas a/va a/vamos a/vais a/van a + infinitive of verb partir)

(yo) voy a partir = (I am going to break)

(tú/vos) vas a partir = (you are going to break)

(él, ella, usted) van a partir = (he/she is going to break, you are going to break)

(nosotros) vamos a partir = (we are going to break)

(vosotros) vais a partir = (you are going to break)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) van a partir = (they/you (pl.) are going to break)


3rd conjugation -IR--Present Future Indicative
3rd Conjugation -ir

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have broken, I have been breaking)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb partir = partido)

(yo) he partido = (I have broken; I have been breaking = yo he estado partiendo)

(tú/vos) has partido = (you have broken; you have been breaking = tú has estado partiendo

(él, ella, usted) ha partido (he/she has broken, you have broken; he/she has been breaking, you have been breaking = él, ella, usted ha estado partiendo)

(nosotros) hemos partido = (we have broken; we have been breaking = nosotros hemos estado partiendo)

(vosotros) habéis partido = (you have broken; you have been breaking = vosotros habéis estado partiendo)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han partido = (they/you (pl.) have broken; they/you (pl.) have been breaking = ellos, ellas, ustedes han estado partiendo)


3rd conjugation -IR--Pluperfect Indicative
3rd Conjugation -ir

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PLUPERFECT AND PAST ANTERIOR INDICATIVE: (I had broken)

(Imperfect Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb partir = partido)

(yo) había or hube partido = (I had broken)

(tú/vos) habías or hubiste partido = (you had broken)

(él, ella, usted) había or hubo partido = (he/she/you had broken)

(nosotros) habíamos or hubimos partido = (we had broken)

(vosotros) habíasis or hubisteis partido = (you had broken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían or hubieron partido = (they/you (pl.) had broken)


3rd conjugation -IR--Future Perfect Indicative
3rd Conjugation -ir

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have broken)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb partir = partido)

(yo) habré partido = (I will/shall have broken)

(tú/vos) habras partido = (you will/shall have broken)

(él, ella, usted) habrá partido = (he/she/you will have broken, he/she/you shall have broken)

(nosotros) habremos partido = (we will/shall have broken)

(vosotros) habréis partido = (you will/shall have broken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán partido = (they/you (pl.) will/shall have broken)


3rd conjugation -IR--Present Subjunctive
3rd Conjugation -ir

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may break)

(1st person singular present indicative = parto - o = part + a/as/a/amos/áis/an)

(yo) parto - o = part + a = parta = (I may break)

(tú/vos) parto - o = part + as = partas = (you may break)

(él, ella, usted) parto - o = part + a = parta = (he/she/you may break)

(nosotros) parto - o = part + amos = partamos = (we may break)

(vosotros) parto - o = part + áis = partáis = (you may break)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) parto - o = part + an = partan = (they/you (pl.) may break)


3rd conjugation -IR--Imperfect Subjunctive
3rd Conjugation -ir

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might break)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = partiran - iran = part + iese/ieses/iese/iésemos/ieseis/iesen)

(yo) partiran - iran = part + iese = partiese = (I might break)

(tú/vos) partiran - iran = part + ieses = partieses = (you might break)

(él, ella, usted) partiran - iran = part + iese = partiese = (he/she/you might break)

(nosotros) partiran - iran = part + iésemos = partiésemos = (we might break)

(vosotros) partiran - iran = part + ieseis = partieseis = (you might break)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) partiran - iran = part + iesen = partiesen = (they/you (pl.) might break)


3rd conjugation -IR--Future Subjunctive
3rd Conjugation -ir

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a change of subject)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to break, if I would/should break, if I may break, if I might break)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = partiran - iran = part + iera/ieras/iera/iéramos/ierais/ieran)

(yo) partiran - iran = part + iera = partiera = (if I were to break, if I would/should break, if I may break, if I might break)

(tú/vos) partiran - iran = part + ieras = partieras = (if you were to break, if you would break, if you may break, if you might break)

(él, ella, usted) partiran - iran = part + iera = partiera = (if he/she/you were to break, if he/she/you would break, if he/she/you may break, if he/she/you might break)

(nosotros) partiran - iran = part + iéramos = partiéramos = (if we were to break, if we would/should break, if we may break, if we might break)

(vosotros) partiran - iran = part + ierais = partierais = (if you were to break, if you would/should break, if you may break, if you might break)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) partiran - iran = part + ieran = partieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to break, if they/you (pl.) would/should break, if they/you (pl.) may break, if they/you (pl.) might break)


3rd conjugation -IR--Present Perfect Subjunctive
3rd Conjugation -ir

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE : (I may have broken)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb partir = partido)

(yo) haya partido = (I may have broken)

(tú/vos) hayas partido = (you may have broken)

(él, ella, usted) haya partido = (he/she/you may have broken)

(nosotros) hayamos partido = (we may have broken)

(vosotros) hayáis partido = (you may have broken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan partido = (they/you (pl.) may have broken)


3rd conjugation -IR--Pluperfect Subjunctive
3rd Conjugation -ir

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might have broken)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb partir = partido)

(yo) hubiese or hubiera partido = (I might have broken)

(tú/vos) hubieses or hubieras partido = (you might have broken)

(él, ella, usted) hubiese or hubiera partido = (he/she/you might have broken)

(nosotros) hubiésemos or hubiéramos partido = (we might have broken)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubierais partido = (you might have broken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesen or hubieran partido = (they/you (pl.) might have broken)


3rd conjugation -IR--Future Perfect Subjunctive
3rd Conjugation -ir

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to break, if I would/should have broken if I may have broken, if I might have broken)

(Future Subjunctive of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb partir = partido)

(yo) hubiera partido = (if I were to break, if I would/should have broken, if I may have broken, if I might have broken)

(tú/vos) hubieras partido = (if you were to break, if you would have broken, if you may have broken, if you might have broken)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera partido = (if he/she/you were to break, if he/she/you would have broken, if he/she/you may have broken, if he/she/you might have broken)

(nosotros) hubiéramos partido = (if we were to break, if we would/should have broken, if we may have broken, if we might have broken)

(vosotros) hubierais partido = (if you were to break, if you would have broken, if you may have broken, if you might have broken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran partido = (if they/you (pl.) were to break, if they/you (pl.) would have broken, if they/you (pl.) may have broken, if they/you (pl.) might have broken)


3rd conjugation -IR--Conditional Simple
3rd Conjugation -ir

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE): (I would/should break)

(Infinitive of verb partir + ía/ías/ía/íamos/íais/ían)

(yo) partir + ía = partiría = (I would/should break)

(tú/vos) partir + ías = partirías = (you would break)

(él, ella, usted) partir + ía = partiría = (he/she/you would break)

(nosotros) partir + íamos = partiríamos = (we would/should break)

(vosotros) partir + íeis = partiríeis = (you would break)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) partir + ian = partirian = (they/you (pl.) would break)


3rd conjugation -IR--Conditional Compound
3rd Conjugation -ir

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(COMPOUND): (I would/should have broken)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber (to have) + participle of verb partir = partido)

(yo) habría partido = (I would/should have broken)

(tú/vos) habrías partido = (you would have broken)

(él, ella, usted) habría partido = (he/she/you would have broken)

(nosotros) habríamos partido = (we would/should have broken)

(vosotros) habríais partido = (you would have broken)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían partido = (they/you (pl.) would have broken)


3rd conjugation -IR--Imperative Mood--Affirmative
3rd Conjugation -ir

IMPERATIVE MOOD

The imperative only has forms for the second person:ama (tú/vos), amad (vosotros). The imperative forms for all other persons are taken from the subjunctive mood.

Present : (e/a/amos/id/an/)

partir - ir = part + e = parte (tú/vos)

partir - ir = part + a = parta (él/ella)

partir - ir = part + amos = partamos (nosotros)

partir - ir = part + id = partid (vosotros)

partir - ir = part + an = partan (ellos/ellas, ustedes)


Irregular Verb -- dar = to give

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

These verbs have many forms which cannot be classified in any of these preceding groups: indicative = ( present past simple, future, conditional.) Subjunctive = (present, imperfect, future) imperative. Unless noted these verb conjugations are regular.

INFINITIVE: dar = to give

PARTICIPLES and GERUND: (given, giving)

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = dar - ar = d + ado = dado (given)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = dar - ar = d + ando = dando (giving)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I give)

(yo) doy = (I give)

(tú/vos) das = (you give)

(él, ella, usted) da = (he/she gives, you give)

(nosotros) damos = (we give)

(vosotros) dais = (you give)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dan = (they/you (pl.) give)

PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE: (I gave)

(yo) di = (I gave)

(tú/vos) diste = (you gave)

(él, ella, usted) dió = (he/she/you gave)

(nosotros) dimos = (we gave)

(vosotros) distéis = (you gave)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dieron = (they/you (pl.) gave)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have given, I have been giving)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb dar = dado)

Note that: haber is only used as a helping verb.

(yo) he dado = (I have given, I have been giving = yo he estado dando)

(tú/vos) has dado = (you have given, you have been giving = tú has estado dando)

(él, ella, usted) ha dado = (he/she has given, you have given, he/she has been giving, you have been giving = él, ella, usted ha estado dando)

(nosotros) hemos dado = (we have given, we have been giving = nosotros hemos estado dando)

(vosotros) habéis dado = (you have given, you have been giving = vosotros habéis estado dando)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han dado = (they/you (pl.) have given, they/you (pl.) have been giving = ellos, ellas, ustedes han estado dando)

IMPERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE (I should have given/I should have been giving)

(yo) había dado or hube dado = (I should have given, I should have been giving = yo había or hube estado dando

(tú/vos) habías dado or hubistes dado = (you should have given, you should have been giving = tú habías or hubistes estado dando)

(él, ella, usted) había dado or hubo dado = (he/she/you should have given, he/she/you should have been giving = él, ella usted había or hubo estado dando)

(nosotros) habíamos dado or hubimos dado = (we should have given, we should have been giving = nosotros habíamos or hubimos estado dando.

(vosotros) habíais dado or hubiais dado = (you should have given, you should have been giving = vosotros habíais or hubiais estado dando.

(ellos, ellas, ustedes)habían dado or hubieran dado = (they/you (pl.) should have given, they/you (pl.) should have been giving = ellos, ellas, ustedes habían or hubieran estado dando)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have given)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb dar = dado)

(yo) habré dado = (I will/shall have given)

(tú/vos) habrás dado = (you will have given)

(él, ella, usted) habrá dado = (he/she/you will have given)

(nosotros) habremos dado = (we will/shall have given)

(vosotros) habréis dado = (you will have given)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán dado = (they/you (pl.) will have given)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a change of subject)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may give)

(yo) dé = (I may give)

(tú/vos) des = (you may give)

(él, ella, usted) dé = (he/she/you may give)

(nosotros) demos = (we may give)

(vosotros) deis = (you may give)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) den = (they/you (pl.) may give)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might give)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = dieran - ran = ra + ras/ra/ramos/rais/ran)

(yo) dieran - ran = die + ra = diera = (I might give)

(tú/vos) dieran - ran = die + ras = dieras = (you might give)

(él, ella, usted) dieran - ran = dié + ra = diera = (he/she/you might give)

(nosotros) dieran - ran = dié + ramos = diéramos = (we might give)

(nosotros) dieran - ran = die + rais = diérais = (you might give)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dieran - ran = die + ran = dieran = (they/you (pl.) might give)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to give, if I would/should give, if I may give, if I might give)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = dieran - ran = di + ere/eres/ere/éremos/ereis/eren)

(yo) diran - ran = di + ara = diara = (if I were to give, if I would/should give, if I may give, if I might give)

(tú/vos) diran - ran = di + aras = diaras = (if you were to give, if you would give, if you may give, if you might give)

(él, ella, usted) diran - ran = di + ara = diara = (if he/she/you were to give, if he/she/you would give, if he/she/you may give, if he/she/you might give)

(nosotros) diran - ran = di + aramos = diáramos = (if we were to give, if we would/should give, if we may give, if we might give)

(vosotros) diran - ran = di + arais = diárais = (if you were to give, if you would give, if you may give, if you might give)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) diran - ran = di + aran = diaran = (if they/you (pl.) were to give, if they/you (pl.) would give, if they/you (pl.) may give, if they/you (pl.) might give)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a subject change)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may have given)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb dar = dado)

(yo) haya dado = (I may have given)

(tú/vos) hayas dado = (you may have given)

(él, ella, usted) haya dado = (he/she/you may have given)

(nosotros) hayamos dado = (we may have given)

(vosotros) hayáis dado = (you may have given)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan dado = (they/you (pl.) may have given)

PLUPERFECT OR IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might have given)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb dar = dado)

(yo) hubiese or huibiera dado = (I might have given)

(tú/vos) hubieses or hubieras dado = (you might have given)

(él, ella, usted) hubiese or hubiera dado = (he/she/you might have given)

(nosotros) hubiésemos or hubiéramos dado = (we might have given)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubiérais dado = (you might have given)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesen or hubieran dado = (they/you (pl.) might have given)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to give, if I would/should given, if I may have given, if I might have given)

(Future Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb dar = dado)

(yo) hubiera dado = (if I were to give, if I would/should have given, if I may have given, if I might have given)

(tu) hubieras dado = (if you were to give, if you would have given, if you may have given, if you might have given)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera dado = (if he/she/you were to give, if he/she/you would have given, if he/she/you may have given, if he/she/you might have given)

(nosotros) hubiéramos dado = (if we were to give, if we would/should have given, if we may have given, if we might have given)

(vosotros) hubierais dado = (if you were to give, if you would have given, if you may given, if you might given)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran dado = (if they/you (pl.) were to give, if they/you (pl.) would have given, if they/you (pl.) may have given, if they/you (pl.) might have given)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE): (I would/should give)

(Infinitive of verb dar + ía/ías/ía/íamos/íais/ían)

(yo) dar + ía = daría = (I would/should give)

(tú/vos) dar + ías = darías = (you would give)

(él, ella, usted) dar + ía = daría = (he/she/you would give)

(nosotros) dar + íamos = daríamos = (we would/should give)

(nosotros) dar + íais = daríais = (you would give)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dar + ían = darían = (they/you (pl.) would give)

(COMPOUND): (I would/should have given)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb dar = dado)

(yo) habría dado = (I would/should have given)

(tú/vos) habrías dado = (you would have given)

(él, ella, usted) habría dado = (he/she/you would have given)

(nosotros) habríamos dado = (we would/should have given)

(vosotros) habríais dado = (you would have given)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían dado = (they/you (pl.) would have given)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

AFFIRMATIVE FORM: (speak you/he/she/we/you/they or you (pl.)

da (tú/vos)

dé (él, ella, usted)

damos (nosotros)

dad (vosotros)

den (ellos, ellas, ustedes)


Irregular Verb -- decir = to say/to tell

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: decir = to say/to tell

PARTICIPLE and GERUND: (said/told saying/telling)

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = dicho (said/told) (irregular)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = decirer - rer = dici + endo = diciendo (saying/telling)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I say/tell)

(yo) digo = (I say/tell)

(tú/vos) dices = (you say/tell)

(él, ella, usted) dice = (he/she says/tells, you say/tell)

(nosotros) decimos = (we say/tell)

(vosotros) decís = (you say/tell)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dicen = (they/you (pl.) say/tell)

PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE: (I said/told)

(yo) dije = (I said/told)

(tú/vos) dijiste = (you said/told)

(él, ella, usted) dijo = (he/she/you said/told)

(nosotros) dijimos = (we said/told)

(vosotros) dijisteis = (you said/told)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dijeron = (they/you (pl.) said/told)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall say/tell)

(Irregular: dir + é/ás/á/emos/éis/án)

(yo) dir + é = diré = (I will/shall say/tell)

(tú/vos) dir + ás = dirás = (you will say/tell)

(él, ella, usted) dir + á = dirá = (he/she/you will say/tell)

(nosotros) dir + emos = diremos = (we will/shall say/tell)

(vosotros) dir + éis = diréis = (you will say/tell)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dir + án = dirán = (they/you (pl.) will say/tell)

COMPOUND FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I am going to say/tell)

(Present indicative of the helping verb ir (to go) following with the letter (a) = voy/vas/va/vamos/vais/van + infinitive of verb decir)

(yo) voy a decir = (I am going to say/tell)

(tú/vos) vas a decir = (you are going to say/tell)

(él, ella, usted) va a decir = (he/she is going to say/tell, you are going to say/tell)

(nosotros) vamos a decir = (we are going to say/tell)

(vosotros) vaís a decir = (you are going to say/tell)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) van a decir = (they/you (pl.) are going to say/tell)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have said/told, I have been saying/telling)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb decir = dicho)

(yo) he dicho = (I have said/told, I have been saying/telling = yo he estado diciendo)

(tú/vos) has dicho = (you have said/told, you have been saying/telling = tú has estado diciendo)

(él, ella, usted) ha dicho = (he/she has said/told, you have said/told, he/she has been saying/telling, you have been saying/telling = él, ella, usted ha estado diciendo)

(nosotros) hemos dicho = (we have said/told, we have been saying/telling = nosotros hemos estado diciendo)

(vosotros) habéis dicho = (you have said/told, you have been saying/telling = vosotros habéis estado diciendo)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han dicho = (they/you (pl.) have said/told, they/you (pl.) have been saying/telling = ellos, ellas, ustedes han estado diciendo)

IMPERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE: (I had said/told)

Imperfect Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb decir = dicho)

(yo) había or hube dicho = (I had said/told)

(tú/vos) habías or hubiste dicho = (you had said/told)

(él , ella, usted) había or hubo dicho = (he/she/you had said/told)

(nosotros) habíamos or hubimos dicho = (we had said/told)

(vosotros) habíais or hubisteis dicho = (you had said/told)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían or hubieran dicho = (they/you (pl.) had said/told)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have said/told)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb decir = dicho)

(yo) habré dicho = (I will/shall have said/told)

(tú/vos) habrás dicho = (you will have said/told)

(él, ella, usted) habrá dicho = (he/she/you will have said/told)

(nosotros) habremos dicho = (we will/shall have said/told)

(vosotros) habréis dicho = (you will have said/told)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán dicho = (they/you (pl.) will have said/told)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a subject change)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may say/tell)

(yo) diga = (I may say/tell)

(tú/vos) digas = (you may say/tell)

(él, ella, usted) diga = (he/she/you may say/tell)

(nosotros) digamos = (we may say/tell)

(vosotros) digáis = (you may say/tell)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) digan = (they/you (pl.) may say/tell)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might say/tell)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = dijeron - ron = dije + ra/eras/ra/ramos/rais/ran)

(yo) dijeran - ran = dije + ra = dijera or dijese (I might say/tell)

(tú/vos) dijeran - ran = dije + ras = dijeras or dijeses = (you might say/tell)

(él, ella, usted) dijeran - ran = dije + ra = dijera or dijese = (he/she/you might say/tell)

(nosotros) dijeran - ran = dijé + ramos = dijéramos or dijésemos = (we might say/tell)

(vosotros) dijeran - ran = dije + rais = dijerais or dijeseis = (you might say/tell)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dijeran - ran = dije + ran = dijeran or dijesen = (they/you (pl.) might say/tell)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to say/tell, if I would/should say/tell, if I may say/tell, if I might say/tell)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = dijeron - ran = dije + ra/ras/ra/ramos/rais/ran)

(yo) dijeran - ran = dije + ra = dijera = (if I were to say/tell, if I would/should say/tell, if I may say/tell, if I might say/tell)

(tú/vos) dijeran - ran = dije + ras = dijeras = (if you were to say/tell, if you would say/tell, if you may say/tell, if you might say/tell)

(él, ella, usted) dijeran - ran = dije + ra = dijera = (if he/she/you were to say/tell, if he/she/you would say/tell, if he/she/you may say/tell, if he/she/you might say/tell)

(nosotros) dijeran - ran = dijé + ramos = dijéramos = (if we were to say/tell, if we would/should say/tell, if we may say/tell, if we might say/tell)

(vosotros) dijeran - ran = dije + rais = dijerais = (if you were to say/tell, if you would say/tell, if you may say/tell, if you might say/tell)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dijeran - ran = dije + ran = dijeran = (if they/you (pl.) were to say/tell, if they/you (pl.) would say/tell, if they/you (pl.) may say/tell, if they/you (pl.) might say/tell)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a subject change)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may have said/told)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb decir = dicho)

(yo) haya dicho = (I may have said/told)

(tú/vos) hayas dicho = (you may have said/told)

(él, ella, usted) haya dicho = (he/she/you may have said/told)

(nosotros) hayamos dicho = (we may have said/told)

(vosotros) hayáis dicho = (you may have said/told)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan dicho = (they/you (pl.) may have said/told)

PLUPERFECT AND IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might have said/told)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb decir = dicho)

(yo) hubiese or hubiera dicho = (I might have said/told)

(tú/vos) hubieses or hubieras dicho = (you might have said/told)

(él, ella, usted) hubiese or hubiera dicho = (he/she/you might have said/told)

(nosotros) hubiésemos or hubiéramos dicho = (we might have said/told)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubierais dicho = (you might have said/told)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesen or hubieran dicho = (they/you (pl.) might have said/told)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to say/tell, if I would/should have said/told, if I may have said/told, if I might have said/told)

(Future Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb decir = dicho)

(yo) hubiera dicho = (if I were to say/tell, if I would/should have said/told, if I may have said/told, if I might have said/told)

(tú/vos) hubieras dicho = (if you were to say/tell, if you would have said/told, if you may have said/told, if you might have said/told)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera dicho = (if he/she/you were to say/tell, if he/she/you would say/tell, if he/she/you may have said/told, if he/she/you might have said/told)

(nosotros) hubiéramos dicho = (if we were to say/tell, if we would have said/told, if we may have said/told, if we might have said/told)

(vosotros) hubierais dicho = (if you were to say/tell, if you would have said/told, if you may have said/told, if you might have said/told)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran dicho = (if they/you (pl.) were to say/tell, if they/you (pl.) would have said/told, if they/you (pl.) may have said/told, if they/you (pl.) might have said/told)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE): (I would/should say/tell)

(Irregular: dec + ía/ías/ía/íamos/íais/ian)

(yo) dec + ía = decía = (I would/should say/tell)

(tú/vos) dec + ías = decías = (you would say/tell)

(él, ella, usted) dec + ía = decía = (he/she/you would say/tell)

(nosotros) dec + íamos = decíamos = (we would/should say/tell)

(vosotros) dec + íais = decíais = (you would say/tell)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) dec + ian = decían = (they/you (pl.) would say/tell)

(COMPOUND): (I would/should have said/told)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb decir = dicho)

(yo) habría dicho = (I would/should have said/told)

(tú/vos) habrías dicho = (you would have said/told)

(él, ella, usted) habría dicho = (he/she/you would have said/told)

(nosotros) habríamos dicho = (we would/should have said/told)

(vosotros) habríais dicho = (you would have said/told)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían dicho = (they/you (pl.) would have said/told)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

di (tú/vos)

diga (él, ella, usted)

digamos (nosotros)

decid (vosotros)

digan (ellos, ellas, ustedes)

dime (tell me)

no me dices (dont (you familiar) tell me)


Irregular Verb -- estar = to be (temporary or accidental condition)

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: (to be) estar = to be (denotes location or temporary condition)

PARTICIPLES and GERUND: (was/been, being)

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = estar - ar = est + ado = estado (was/been)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = estar - ar = est + ando = estando (being)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I am)

(yo) estoy = (I am)

(tú/vos) estás = (you are)

(él, ella, usted) está = (he/she is, you are)

(nosotros) estamos = (we are)

(vosotros) estáis = (you are)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) están = (they/you (pl.) are)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE: (I was being, I used to be)

(yo) estar - ar = est + aba = estaba = (I was being, I used to be)

(tú/vos) estar - ar = est + abas = estabas = (you were being, you used to be)

(él, ella, usted) estar - ar = est + aba = estaba = (he/she was being, you were being, he/she/you used to be)

(nosotros) estar - ar = est + ábamos = estábamos = (we were being, we used to be)

(vosotros) estar - ar = est + abais = estabais = (you were being, you used to be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) estar - ar = est + aban = estaban = (they/you (pl.) were being, they/you (pl.) used to be)

Past Simple: (I was)

(yo) estuve = (I was)

(tú/vos) estuviste = (you were)

(él, ella, usted) estuvo = (he/she was, you were)

(nosotros) estuvimos = (we were)

(vosotros) estuvisteis = (you were)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) estuvieron = (they/you (pl.) were)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall be)

(Infinitive of verb estar + é/ás/á/emos/éis/án)

(yo) estar + é = estaré = (I will/shall be)

(tú/vos) estar + ás = estarás = (you will be)

(él, ella, usted) estar + á = estará = (he/she/you will be)

(nosotros) estar + emos = estaremos = (we will/shall be)

(vosotros) estar + éis = estaréis = (you will be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) estar + án = estarán = (they/you (pl.) will be)

COMPOUND FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I am going to be)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb ir = to be followed with the letter (a) = voy a/vas a/va a/vamos a/vais a/van a)

(yo) voy a estar = (I am going to be)

(tú/vos) vas a estar = (you are going to be)

(él, ella, usted) va a estar = (he/she is going to be, you are going to be)

(nosotros) vamos a estar = (we are going to be)

(vosotros) vais a estar = (you are going to be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) van a estar = (they/you (pl.) are going to be)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have been)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb estar = estado)

(yo) he estado = (I have been)

(tú/vos) has estado = (you have been)

(él, ella, usted) ha estado = (he/she has been, you have been)

(nosotros) hemos estado = (we have been)

(vosotros) habéis estado = (you have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han estado = (they/you (pl.) have been)

PLUPERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE: (I had been)

(Imperfect Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb estar = estado)

(yo) había or hube estado = (I had been)

(tú/vos) habías or hubiste estado = (you had been)

(él, ella, había or hubo estado = (he/she/you had been)

(nosotros) habíamos or hubimos estado = (we had been)

(vosotros) habíais or hubisteis estado = (you had been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían or hubieron estado = (they/you (pl.) had been)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have been)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb estar = estado)

(yo) habré estado = (I will/shall have been)

(tú/vos) habrás estado = (you will have been)

(él, ella, usted) habrá estado = (he/she/you will have been)

(nosotros) habramos estado = (we will/shall have been)

(vosotros) habréis estado = (you will have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán estado = (they/you (pl.) will have been)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a subject change)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may be)

(yo) esté = (I may be)

(tú/vos) estes = (you may be)

(él, ella, usted) esté = (he/she/you may be)

(nosotros) estemos = (we may be)

(vosotros) estéis = (you may be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) estén = (they/you (pl.) may be)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might be)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = estuvieron - ieron = estuv + iese/ieses/iese/iésemos/ieseis/iesen)

(yo) estuvieran - ieron = estuv + iese = estuviese or estuviera = (I might be)

(tú/vos) estuvieran - ieron = estuv + ieses = estuvieses or estuvieras = (you might be)

(él, ella, usted) estuvieran - ieron = estuv + iese = estuviese or estuviera = (he/she/you might be)

(nosotros) estuvieran - ieron = estuv + iésemos = estuviésemos or estuviéramos = (we might be)

(vosotros) estuvieran - ieron = estuv + ieseis = estuvieseis or estuvierais = (you might be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) estuvieran - ieron = estuv + iesen = estuviesen or estuvieran = (they/you (pl.) might be)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to be, if I would/should be, if I may be, if I might be)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = estuv + iera/ieras/iera/iéramos/ierais/ieran)

(yo) estuv + iera = estuviera = (if I were to be, if I would/should be, if I may be, if I might be)

(tú/vos) estuv + ieras = estuvieras = (if you were to be, if you would be, if you may be, if you might be)

(él, ella, usted) = estuv + iera = estuviera = (if he/she/you were to be, if he/she/you would be, if he/she/you may be, if he/she/you might be)

(nosotros) = estuv + iéramos = estuviéramos = (if we were to be, if we would be, if we may be, if we might be)

(vosotros) = estuv + ierais = estuvierais = (if you were to be, if you would be, if you may be, if you might be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) = estuv + ieran = estuvieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to be, if they/you (pl.) would be, if they/you (pl.) may be, if they/you (pl.) might be)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a subject change)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may have been)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb estar = estado)

(yo) haya estado = (I may have been)

(tú/vos) hayas estado = (you may have been)

(él, ella, usted) haya estado = (he/she/you may have been)

(nosotros) hayamos estado = (we may have been)

(vosotros) hayáis estado = (you may have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan estado = (they/you (pl.) may have been)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might have been)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb estar = estado)

(yo) hubiese or hubiera estado = (I might have been)

(tú/vos) hubieses or hubieras estado = (you might have been)

(él, ella, usted) hubiese or hubiera estado = (he/she/you might have been)

(nosotros) hubiésemos or hubiéramos estado = (we might have been)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubierais estado = (you might have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesen or hubieran estado = (they/you (pl.) might have been)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to be, if I would/should have been, if I may have been, if I might have been)

(Future Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of the helping verb estar = estado)

(yo) hubiera estado = (if I were to be, if I would/should have been, if I may have been, if I might have been)

(tú/vos) hubieras estado = (if you were to be, if you would have been, if you may have been, if you might have been)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera estado = (if he/she/you were to be, if he/she/you would have been, if he/she/you may have been, if he/she/you might have been)

(nosotros) hubiéramos estado = (if we were to be, if we would/should have been, if we may have been, if we might have been)

(vosotros) hubierais estado = (if you were to be, if you would have been, if you may have been, if you might have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran estado = (if they/you (pl.) were to be, if they/you (pl.) would have been, if they/you (pl.) may have been, if they/you (pl.) might have been)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE): (I would/should be)

(Infinitive of verb estar + ía/ías/ía/íamos/íais/ían)

(yo) estar + ía = estaría = (I would/should be)

(tú/vos) estar + ías = estarías = (you would be)

(él, ella, usted) estar + ía = estaría = (he/she/you would be)

(nosotros) estar + íamos = estaríamos = (we would/should be)

(vosotros) estar + íais = estaríais = (you would be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) estar + ían = estariam = (they/you (pl.) would be)

(COMPOUND): (I would/should have been)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb estar = estado)

(yo) habría estado = (I would/should have been)

(tú/vos) habrías estado = (you would have been)

(él, ella, usted) habría estado = (he/she/you would have been)

(nosotros) habríamos estado = (we would/should have been)

(vosotros) habríais estado = (you would have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían estado = (they/you (pl.) would have been)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

está (tú/vos)

esté (él, ella, usted)

estemos (nosotros)

estad (vosotros)

estén (ellos, ellas)

no estes aquí = dont (you familiar) be here


Irregular Verb -- hacer = to do/to make

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: (to do/to make) hacer = to do/to make

PARTICIPLE and GERUND:

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = hecho (did/done, made) (irregular)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = haciendo (doing/making)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I do/make)

(yo) hago = (I do/make)

(tú/vos) haces = (you do/make)

(él, ella, usted) hace = (he/she does/makes, you do/make)

(nosotros) hacemos = (we do/make)

(vosotros) hacéis = (you do/make)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hacen = (they/you (pl.) do/make)

Past Simple: (I did/made)

(yo) hice = (I did/made)

(tú/vos) hiciste = (you did/made)

(él, ella, usted) hizo = (he/she/you did/made)

(nosotros) hicimos = (we did/made)

(vosotros) hicisteis = (you did/made)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hicieron = (they/you (pl.) did/made)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall do/make)

(Irregular: far + é/ás/á/emos/éis/án)

(yo) har + é = haré = (I will/shall do/make)

(tú/vos) har + ás = harás = (you will do/make)

(él, ella, usted) har + á = hará = (he/she/you will do/make, he/she/you shall do/make)

(nosotros) har + emos = haremos = (we will/shall do/make)

(vosotros) har + éis = haréis = (you will do/make)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) har + án = harán = (they/you (pl.) will do/make)

COMPOUND FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall do/make)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb ir (to go) following with the letter (a) = voy a/vas a/va a/vamos a/vais a/van a infinitive of verb hacer)

(yo) voy a hacer = (I am going to do/make)

(tú/vos) vas a hacer = (you are going to do/make)

(él, ella, usted) van a hacer = (he/she is going to do/make, you are going to do/make)

(nosotros) vamos a hacer = (we are going to do/make)

(vosotros) vais a hacer = (you are going to do/make)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) van a hacer = (they/you (pl.) are going to do/make)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I have done/made, I have been doing/making)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have haber + participle of verb hacer = hecho)

(yo) he hecho = (I have done/made, I have been doing/making = yo he estado haciendo)

(tú/vos) has hecho = (you have done/made, you have been doing/making = tú has estado haciendo)

(él, ella, usted) ha hecho = (he/she has done/made, you have done/made, he/she has been doing/making, you have been doing/making = él, ella, usted han estado haciendo)

(nosotros) hemos hecho = (we have done/made, we have been doing/making = nosotros hemos estado haciendo)

(vosotros) habéis hecho = (you have done/made, you have been doing/making = vosotros habéis estado haciendo)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han hecho = (they/you (pl.) have done/made, they/you (pl.) have been doing/making = ellos, ellas, ustedes han estado haciendo)

IMPERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE: (I had done/made)

(Imperfect Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb hacer = hecho)

(yo) había or hube hecho = (I had done/made)

(tú/vos) habías or hubiste hecho = (you had done/made)

(él, ella, usted) había hecho = (he/she/you had done/made)

(nosotros) habíamos hecho = (we had done/made)

(vosotros) habíais hecho = (you had done/made)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían hecho = (they/you (pl.) had done/made)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have done/made)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb hacer = hecho)

(yo) habré hecho = (I will/shall have done/made)

(tú/vos) habrás hecho = (you will have done/made)

(él, ella, usted) habrá hecho = (he/she/you will have done/made)

(nosotros) habremos hecho = (we will/shall have done/made)

(vosotros) habréis hecho = (you will have done/made)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán hecho = (they/you (pl.) will have done/made)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a change of subject)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may do/make)

(yo) haga = (I may do/make)

(tú/vos) hagas = (you may do/make)

(él, ella, usted) haga = (he/she/you may do/make)

(nosotros) hagamos = (we may do/make)

(vosotros) hagáis = (you may do/make)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hagan = (they/you (pl.) may do/make)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might do/make)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = hicieron - eran = hici + era/eras/era/éramos/erais/eran)

(yo) hicieran - eran = hici + era = hiciera or hiciese = (I might do/make)

(tú/vos) hicieran - eran = hici+ eras = hicieras or hicieses = (you might do/make)

(él, ella, usted) hicieran - eran = hici + era = hiciera or hiciese = (he/she/you might do/make)

(nosotros) hicieran - eran = hici + éramos = hicieramos or hiciésemos = (we might do/make)

(vosotros) hicieran - eran = hici + erais = hicierais or hicieseis = (you might do/make)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hicieran - eran = hici + eran = hicieran or hiciesen = (they/you (pl.) might do/make)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to do/make, if I would/should do/make, if I may do/make, if I might do/make)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = hicieran - eran = hici + era/eras/era/éramos/erais/eran)

(yo) hicieran - eran = hici + era = hiciera = (if I were to do/make, if I would/should do/make, if I may do/make, if I might do/make)

(tú/vos) hicieran - eran = hici + eras = hicieras = (if you were to do/make, if you would do/make, if you may do/make, if you might do/make)

(él, ella, usted), hicieran - eran = hici + era = hiciera = (if he/she/you were to do/make, if he/she/you would do/make, if he/she/you may do/make, if he/she/you might do/make)

(nosotros) hicieran - eran = hici + éramos = hiciéramos = (if we were to do/make, if we would/should do/make, if we may do/make, if we might do/make)

(vosotros) hicieran - eran = hici + erais = hicierais = (if you were to do/make, if you would do/make, if you may do/make, if you might do/make)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hicieran - ran = hici + eran = hicieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to do/make, if they/you (pl.) would do/make, if they/you (pl.) may do/make, if they/you (pl.) might do/make)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may have done/made)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb hacer = hecho)

(yo) haya hecho = (I may have done/made)

(tú/vos) hayas hecho = (you may have done/made)

(él, ella, usted) haya hecho = (he/she/you may have done/made)

(nosotros) hayamos hecho = (we may have done/made)

(vosotros) hayáis hecho = (you may have done/made)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan hecho = (they/you (pl.) may have done/made)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might have done/made)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb hacer = hecho)

(yo) hubiése or hubiera hecho = (I might have done/made)

(tú/vos) hubiéses or hubieras hecho = (you might have done/made)

(él, ella, usted) hubiése or hubiera hecho = (he/she/you might have done/made)

(nosotros) hubiésemos or hubiéramos hecho = (we might have done/made)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubierais hecho = (you might have done/made)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiésen or hubieran hecho = (they/you (pl.) might have done/made)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to do/make, if I would/should have done/made, if I may have done/made, if I might have done/made)

(Future Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb hacer = hecho)

(yo) hubiera hecho = (if I were to do/make, if I would/should have done/made, if I may have done/made, if I might have done/made)

(tú/vos) hubieras hecho = (if you were to do/make, if you would have done/made, if you may have done/made, if you might have done/made)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera hecho = (if he/she/you were to do/make, if he/she/you would have done/made, if he/she/you may have done/made, if he/she/you/might have done/made)

(nosotros) hubiéramos hecho = (if we were to do/make, if we would/should have done/made, if we may have done/made, if we might have done/made)

(vosotros) hubierais hecho = (if you were to do/make, if you would have done/made, if you may have done/made, if you might have done/made)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran hecho = (if they/you (pl.) were to do/make, if they/you (pl.) would have done/made, if they/you (pl.) may have done/made, if they/you (pl.) might have done/made)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE): (I would/should do/make)

(Irregular: har + ía/ías/ía/íamos/íais/ían)

(yo) har + ía = haría = (I would/should do/make)

(tú/vos) har + ías = harías = (you would/should do/make)

(él, ella, usted) har + ía = haría = (he/she/you would/should do/make)

(nosotros) har + íamos = haríamos = (we would/should do/make)

(vosotros) har + íais = haríais = (you would/should do/make)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) har + ían = harían = (they/you (pl.) would/should do/make)

(COMPOUND): (I would/should have done/made)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb hacer = hecho)

(yo) habría hecho = (I would/should have done/made)

(tú/vos) habrías hecho = (you would have done/made)

(él, ella, usted) habría hecho = (he/she/you would have done/made)

(nosotros) habríamos hecho = (we would/should have done/made)

(vosotros) habríais hecho = (you would have done/made)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían hecho = (they/you (pl.) would have done/made)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

haz (tú/vos)

haga(él)

hagamos (nosotros)

haced (vosotros)

hagan (ellos, ellas)

no lo haces (dont (you familiar) do it)


Irregular Verb -- tener = to have

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: tener = to have

PARTICIPLES -- PAST, PRESENT: (had, having)

PRESENT: = teniendo (having)

PAST: = tenido (had)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I have)

(yo) tengo = (I have)

(tú/vos) tienes = (you have)

(él, ella, usted) tiene = (he/she has, you have)

(nosotros) tenemos = (we have)

(vosotros) tenéis = (you have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) tienen = (they/you (pl.) have)

Past Simple: (I had)

(yo) tuve = (I had)

(tú/vos) tuviste = (you had)

(él, ella, usted) tuvo = (he/she/you had)

(nosotros) tuvimos = (we had)

(vosotros) tuvisteis = (you had)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) tuvieron = (they/you (pl.) had)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will or shall have) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) tener - er = t + endré = tendré = (I will or shall have)

(tú/vos) tener - er = t + endrás = tendrás = (you will or shall have)

(él, ella, usted) tener - er = t + endrá = tendrá = (he/she/you will or shall have)

(nosotros) tener -er = t + endremos = tendremos = (we will or shall have)

(vosotros) tener - er = t + endréis = tendréis = (you will or shall have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) tener - er = t + endrán = tendrán = (they/you (pl.) will or shall have)

COMPOUND OR PERFECT

PRESENT INDICATIVE:

he tenido = (with the impersonal meanings--there has been, there have been)

Imperfect and Past Simple Indicative:

había or hube tenido = (with the impersonal meaning--there had been)

Future Perfect Indicative:

habré tenido = (with the impersonal meaning--there will have been)

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may have)

(yo) tenga = (I may have)

(tú/vos) tengas = (you may have)

(él, ella, usted) tenga = (he/she/you may have)

(nosotros) tengamos = (we may have)

(vosotros) tengáis = (you may have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) tengan = (they/you (pl.) may have)

Imperfect Subjunctive: (I might have)

(yo) tuviese or tuviera = (I might have)

(tú/vos) tuvieses or tuvieras = (you might have)

(él, ella, usted) tuviese or tuviese = (he/she/you might have)

(nosotros) tuviésemos or tuviéramos = (we might have)

(vosotros) tuvieseis or tuvierais = (you might have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) tuviesen or tuvieran = (they/you (pl.) might have)

Future Subjunctive: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to have, if I should have, if I may have, if I might have)

(yo) tuviera = (if I were to have, if I should have, if I may have, if I might have)

(tú/vos) tuvieras = (if you were to have, if you should have, if you may have, if you might have)

(él, ella, usted) tuviera = (if he/she/you were to have, if he/she/you should/may/might have)

(nosotros) tuviéramos = (if we were to have, if we should have, if we may have, if we might have)

(vosotros) tuvierais = (if you were to have, if you should have, if you may have, if you might have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) tuvieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to have, if they/you (pl.) should have, if they/you (pl.) may have, if they/you (pl.) might have

Subjunctive Mood (Compound)

Present Perfect Subjunctive

haya tenido = (with the impersonal meaning--there may have been)

Imperfect Subjunctive

hubiera tenido = (with the impersonal meaning--there might have been)

Future Perfect Subjunctive NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive

hubiera tenido = (with the impersonal meaning--there will have been)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would/should have) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) ten + ía = tenía = (I would/should have)

(tú/vos) ten + ías = tenías = (you would/should have)

(él, ella, usted) ten + ía = tenía = (he/she/you would/should have)

(nosotros) ten + íamos = teníamos = (we would/should have)

(vosotros) ten + íais = teníais = (you would/should have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) ten + ían = tenían = (they/you (pl.) would/should have)

(COMPOUND)

Conditional Perfect:

(yo) habría tenido = (with the impersonal meaning--there would have been)

IMPERATIVE MOOD (have you, have you)

(tú/vos) ten = (have you)

(vosotros) tened = (have you)

(él, ella, usted) tenga = (have you)

(nosotros) tengamos = (have you)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) tengan = (have you)

¡ten cuidado! = be careful!

¡no tengas tiempo! = you (familiar) dont have time!


Irregular Verb -- ir = to go

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

IMPERSONAL: ir = to go

PARTICIPLE and GERUND: (gone/went, going)

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = ido (gone/went)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = yendo (going)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I go)

(yo) voy = (I go)

(tú/vos) vas = (you go)

(él, ella, usted) va = (he/she goes, you go)

(nosotros) vamos = (we go)

(vosotros) vais = (you go)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) van = (they/you (pl.) go)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE: (I was going, I used to go)

(yo) iba = (I was going, I used to go)

(tú/vos) ibas = (you were going, you used to go)

(él, ella, usted) iba = (he/she was going, you were going, he/she/you used to go)

(nosotros) íbamos = (we were going, we used to go)

(vosotros) ibais = (you were going, you used to go)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) iban = (they/you (pl.) were going, they/you (pl.) used to go)

Past Simple: (I went)

(yo) fui = (I went)

(tú/vos) fuiste = (you went)

(él, ella, usted) fue = (he/she/you went)

(nosotros) fuimos = (we went)

(vosotros) fuisteis = (you went)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) fueron = (they/you (pl.) went)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have gone, I have been going)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb ir = ido)

(yo) he ido = (I have gone, I have been going = yo he estado yendo)

(tú/vos) has ido = (you have gone, you have been going = tú has estado yendo)

(él, ella, usted) ha ido = (he/she has gone, you have gone, he/she has been going, you have been

going = él, ella, usted ha estado yendo)

(nosotros) hemos ido = (we have gone, we have been going = nosotros hemos estado yendo)

(vosotros) habéis ido = (you have gone, you have been going = vosotros habéis estado yendo)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han ido = (they/you (pl.) have gone, they/you (pl.) have been going = ellos, ellas, ustedes, han estado yendo)

IMPERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE: (I had gone)

(Imperfect Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb ir = ido)

(yo) había or hubeido = (I had gone)

(tú/vos) habías or hubiste ido = (you had gone)

(él, ella, usted) había or hubo ido = (he/she/you had gone)

(nosotros) habíamos or hubimos ido = (we had gone)

(vosotros) habíais or hubisteis ido = (you had gone)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían or hubieron ido = (they/you (pl.) had gone)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have gone)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb ir = ido)

(yo) habré ido = (I will/shall have gone)

(tú/vos) habrás ido = (you will have gone)

(él, ella, usted) habrá ido = (he/she/you will have gone)

(nosotros) habremos ido = (we will/shall have gone)

(vosotros) habréis ido = (you will have gone)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán ido = (they/you (pl.) will have gone)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a change of subject)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may go)

(yo) vaya = (I may go)

(tú/vos) vayas = (you may go)

(él, ella, usted) vaya = (he/she/you may go)

(nosotros) vayamos = (we may go)

(vosotros) vayáis = (you may go)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) vayan = (they/you (pl.) may go)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might go)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = fueron - ran = fue + se/ses/se/semos/seis/sen)

(yo) fueron - ran = fue + se = fuese or fuera = (I might go)

(tú/vos) fueron - ran = fue + ses = fueses or fueras = (you might go)

(él, ella, usted) fueron - ran = fue + se = fuese or fuera = (he/she/you might go)

(nosotros) fueron - ran = fué + semos = fuesemos or fuéramos = (we might go)

(vosotros) fueron - ran = fue + seis = fueseis or fuerais = (you might go)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) fueron - ran = fue + sen = fuesen or fueran = (they/you (pl.) might go)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to go, if I would/should go, if I may go, if I might go)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = fueran - ran = fue + ra/ras/ra/ramos/rais/ran)

(yo) fueran - ran = fue + ra = fuera = (if I were to go, if I would/should go, if I may go, if I might go)

(tú/vos) fueran - ran = fue + ras = fueras = (if you were to go, if you would go, if you may go, if you might go)

(él, ella, usted) fueran - ran = fue + ra = fuera = (if he/she/you were to go, if he/she/you would go, if he/she/you may go, if he/she/you might go)

(nosotros) fueran - ran = fué + ramos = fuéramos = (if we were to go, if we would/should go, if we may go, if we might go)

(vosotros) fueran - ran = fue + rais = fuerais = (if you were to go, if you would go, if you may go, if you might go)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) fueran - ran = fue + ran = fueran = (if they/you (pl.) were to go, if they/you (pl.) would go, if they/you (pl.) may go, if they/you (pl.) might go)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may have gone)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb ir = ido)

(yo) haya ido = (I may have gone)

(tú/vos) hayas ido = (you may have gone)

(él, ella, usted) haya ido = (he/she/you may have gone)

(nosotros) hayamos ido = (we may have gone)

(vosotros) hayáis ido = (you may have gone)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan ido = (they/you (pl.) may have gone)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might have gone)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb ir = ido)

(yo) hubiese or hubiera ido = (I might have gone)

(tú/vos) hubieses or hubieras ido = (you might have gone)

(él, ella, usted) hubiese or hubiera ido = (he/she/you might have gone)

(nosotros) hubiesemos or hubiéramos ido = (we might have gone)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubierais ido = (you might have gone)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesen or hubieran ido = (they/you (pl.) might have gone)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to go, if I would/should have gone, if I may have gone, if I might have gone)

(Future Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb ir = ido)

(yo) hubiera ido = (if I were to go, if I would/should have gone, if I may have gone, if I might have gone)

(tú/vos) hubieras ido = (if you were to go, if you would have gone, if you may have gone, if you might have gone)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera ido = (if he/she/you were to go, if he/she/you would have gone, if he/she/you may have gone, if he/she/you might have gone)

(nosotros) hubiéramos ido = (if we were to go, if we would/should have gone, if we may have gone, if we might have gone)

(vosotros) hubierais ido = (if you were to go, if you would have gone, if you may have gone, if you might have gone)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran ido = (if they/you (pl.) were to go, if they/you (pl.) would have gone, if they/you (pl.) may have gone, if they/you (pl.) might have gone)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE): (I would/should go)

(Infinitive of verb ir + ía/ías/ía/íamos/íais/ían)

(yo) ir + ía = iría = (I would/should go)

(tú/vos) ir + ías = irías = (you would/should go)

(él, ella, usted) ir + ía = iría = (he/she/you would/should go)

(nosotros) ir + íamos = iríamos = (we would/should go)

(vosotros) ir + íais = iríais = (you would/should go)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) ir + ían = irían = (they/you (pl.) would/should go)

(COMPOUND): (I would/should have gone)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb ir = ido)

(yo) habría ido = (I would/should have gone)

(tú/vos) habrías ido = (you would have gone)

(él, ella, usted) habría ido = (he/she/you would have gone)

(nosotros) habríamos ido = (we would have gone)

(vosotros) habríais ido = (you would have gone)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían ido = (they/you (pl.) would have gone)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

vé (tú/vos)

vaya (él, ella, usted)

vayamos (nosotros)

id (vosotros)

vayan (ellos, ellas, ustedes)

¡vamanos! = lets go!

¡no te vayas! = dont (you familiar) go!


Irregular Verb -- oir = to hear

(only irregular in the first person singular of the present indicative)

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: oir = to hear

PARTICIPLES -- PAST, PRESENT: (heard, hearing)

PRESENT: oyendo (hearing)

PAST: oido (heard)

(Past participle is regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I hear)

(yo) oigo = (I hear)

(tú/vos) -oyes = (you hear)

(él, ella, usted) oye = (he/she/you hear)

(nosotros) oímos = (we hear)

(vosotros) oís = (you hear)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) oyen = (they/you (pl.) hear)

PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE: (I you (familiar)/he/she/you/we/you/they heard) = oí/oíste/oyó/oímos/oísteis/oyeron

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may hear)

(yo) oiga = (I may hear)

(tú/vos) oigas = (you may hear)

(él, ella, usted) oiga = (he/she/you may hear)

(nosotros) oigamos = (we may hear)

(vosotros) oigais = (you may hear)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) oigan = (they/you (pl.) may hear)

Imperfect Subjunctive: (I might hear) = oyera, oyere (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Future Subjunctive: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to hear, if I should hear, if I may hear, if I might hear) = fuere (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Subjunctive Mood (Compound)

Present Subjunctive (I may have heard)

(Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive (I might have heard)

(Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Future Perfect Subjunctive NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to hear, if I should hear, if I may hear, if I might hear) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would/should hear) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

(COMPOUND)

Conditional Perfect: (I would/should have heard)

(Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -ir)

IMPERATIVE MOOD (hear you, hear you, hear)

(tú/vos) oye = (hear you)

(vosotros) oíd = (hear you)

(nosotros) oigamos =

(él, ella, usted) oiga =

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) oigan =


Irregular Verb -- poner = to put/to place

(the most irregular verb of all)

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

IMPERSONAL: (to put/place) poner = to put/place

PARTICIPLES -- PAST, PRESENT: (put/placed, putting/placing)

PRESENT: = poniendo (putting/placing)

PAST: = puesto (put/placed)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I put/place)

(yo) pongo = (I put/place)

(tú/vos) pones = (you put/place)

(él, ella, usted) pone = (he/she/you put/place)

(nosotros) ponemos = (we put/place)

(vosotros) ponéis = (you put/place)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) ponen = (they/you (pl.) put/place)

Past Simple: (I put/placed)

(yo) puse = (I put/placed)

(tú/vos) pusiste = (you put/placed)

(él, ella, usted) puso = (he/she/you put/placed)

(nosotros) pusimos = (we put/placed)

(vosotros) pusisteis = (you put/placed)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) pusieron = (they/you (pl.) put/placed)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will or shall put/place)

(yo) pondré = (I will or shall put/place)

(tú/vos) pondrás = (you will or shall put/place)

(él, ella, usted) pondrá = (he/she/you will or shall put/place)

(nosotros) pondremos = (we will or shall put/place)

(vosotros) pondréis = (you will or shall put/place)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) pondrán = (they/you (pl.) will or shall put/place)

COMPOUND OR PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have put/placed -- have been putting/placing)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Indicative)

(yo) he puesto (I have put/placed -- have been putting/placing to)

(tú/vos) has puesto (you have put/placed -- have been putting/placing to)

(él, ella, usted) ha puesto (he/she/you have put/placed -- have been putting/placing)

(nosotros) hemos puesto (we have put/placed -- have been putting/placing)

(vosotros) habéis puesto (you have put/placed -- have been putting/placing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han puesto (they/you (pl.) have put/placed -- have been putting/placing)

Past Perfect Indicative: (I had put/placed)

Spoken or written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Indicative)

(yo) había puesto (I had put/placed)

(tú/vos) habías puesto (you had put/placed)

(él, ella, usted) = había puesto (he/she/you had put/placed)

(nosotros) habíamos puesto (we had put/placed)

(vosotros) habíais puesto (you had put/placed)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían puesto (they/you (pl.) had put/placed)

Future Perfect Indicative: (I will/shall have put/placed)

Spoken or written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Indicative)

(yo) habré puesto (I will/shall have put/placed)

(tú/vos) habrás puesto (you will/shall have put/placed)

(él, ella, usted) habrá puesto (he/she/you will/shall have put/placed)

(nosotros) habremos puesto (we will/shall have put/placed)

(vosotros) habreis puesto (you will/shall have put/placed)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán puesto (they/you (pl.) will/shall have put/placed)

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may put/place)

(yo) ponga = (I may put/place)

(tú/vos) pongas = (you may put/place)

(él, ella, usted) ponga = (he/she/you may put/place)

(nosotros) pongamos = (we may put/place)

(vosotros) pongáis = (you may put/place)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) pongan = (they/you (pl.) may put/place)

Imperfect Subjunctive: (I might put/place)

(yo) pusiera or pusiese = (I might put/place)

(tú/vos) pusieras or pusieses = (you might put/place)

(él, ella, usted) pusiera or pusiese = (he/she/you might put/place)

(nosotros) pusiéramos or pusiésemos = (we might put/place)

(vosotros) pusierais or pusieseis = (you might put/place)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) pusieran or pusiesen = (they/you (pl.) may put/place)

Future Subjunctive: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to put/place, if I should put/place, if I may put/place, if I might put/place)

(yo) pusiera = (if I were to put/place, if I should put/place, if I may put/place, if I might put/place)

(tú/vos) pusieras = (if you were to put/place, if you should put/place, if you may put/place, if you might put/place)

(él, ella, usted) pusiera = (if he/she/you were to put or place, if he/she/you should or may or might put/place)

(nosotros) pusieramos = (if we were to put/place, if we should put/place, if we may put/place, if we might put/place)

(vosotros) pusierais = (if you were to put/place, if you should put/place, if you may put/place, if you might put/place)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) pusieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to put/place, if they/you (pl.) should put/place, if they/you (pl.) may put/place, if they/you (pl.) might put/place

Subjunctive Mood (Compound)

Present Perfect Subjunctive (I may have put/placed)

Spoken and Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive)

(yo) haya puesto (I may have put/placed)

(tú/vos) hayas puesto (you may have put/placed)

(él, ella, usted) haya puesto (he/she/you may have put/placed)

(nosotros) hayamos puesto (we may have put/placed)

(vosotros) hayais puesto (you may have put/placed)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan puesto (they/you (pl.) may have put/placed)

Imperfect Subjunctive (I might have put/placed)

Spoken and Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive)

(yo) hubiese or hubiera puesto (I might have put/placed)

(tú/vos) hubieses or hubieras puesto (you might have put/placed)

(él, ella, usted) hubiese or hubiera puesto (he/she/you might have put/placed)

(nosotros) hubiesemos or hubiéramos puesto (we might have put/placed)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubierais puesto (you might have put/placed)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesen or hubieran puesto (they/you (pl.) might have put/placed)

Future Subjunctive NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to put/place, if I should put/place, if I may put/place, if I might put/place)

Spoken and Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Subjunctive)

(yo) hubiera puesto (if I were to put/place, if I should put/place, if I may put/place, if I might put/place)

(tú/vos) hubieras puesto (if you were to put/place, if you should put/place, if you may put/place, if you might put/place)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera puesto (if he/she/you were to put/place, if he/she/you should put/place, if he/she/you may put/place, if he/she/you might put/place)

(nosotros) hubieramos puesto (if we were to put/place, if we should put/place, if we may put/place, if we might put/place)

(vosotros) hubiérais puesto (if you were to put/place, if you should put/place, if you may put/place, if you might put/place)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran puesto (if they/you (pl.) were to put/place, if they/you (pl.) should put/place, if they/you (pl.) may put/place, if they/you (pl.) might put/place)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would/should put/place)

(yo) pondría = (I would/should put/place)

(tú/vos) pondrías = (you would/should put/place)

(él, ella, usted) pondría = (he/she/you would/should put/place)

(nosotros) pondríamos = (we would/should put/place)

(vosotros) pondríeis = (you would/should put/place)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) pondrían = (they/you (pl.) would/should put/place)

(COMPOUND)

Conditional Perfect: (I would/should have put/placed)

Spoken and Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect)

(yo) habría puesto (I would/should have put/placed)

(tú/vos) habrías puesto (you would/should have put/placed)

(él, ella, usted) habría puesto (he/she/you would/should have put/placed)

(nosotros) habríamos puesto (we would/should have put/placed)

(vosotros) habríais puesto (you would/should have put/placed)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían puesto (they/you (pl.) would/should have put/placed)

IMPERATIVE MOOD (put/place you, put/place you, put/place)

(tú/vos) pon = (put/place you)

(vosotros) poned = (put/place you)

(nosotros) pongamos = (put/place we)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) pongan = (put/place they/you(pl.)

(él, ella, usted) ponga = (he/she/you place/put)

¡póntelo! = put it here!

¡no lo pongas aquí! = dont (you familiar) put it here!


Irregular Verb -- querer = to want/to be willing

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

IMPERSONAL: querer = to want/to be willing

PARTICIPLES -- PAST, PRESENT: (want, be willing -- wanted, was willing)

PRESENT: = queriendo (want, be willing)

PAST: = querido (wanted, was willing)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I want, am willing)

(yo) quiero = (I want, I am willing)

(tú/vos) quieres = (you want, you are willing)

(él, ella, usted) quiere = (he/she wants, he/she is willing, you want, you are willing)

(nosotros) queremos = (we want, we are willing)

(vosotros) queréis = (you want, you are willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) quieren = (they/you (pl.) want, they/you (pl.) are willing)

Past Simple: (Querer in this form means sought to, tried to, attempted to)

(yo) quise = (I sought to, tried to, attempted to)

(tú/vos) quisiste = (you sought to, tried to, attempted to)

(él, ella, usted) quiso = (he/she/you sought to, tried to, attempted to)

(nosotros) quisimos = (we sought to, tried to, attempted to)

(vosotros) quisisteis = (you sought to, tried to, attempted to)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) quisieron = (they/you (pl.) sought to, tried to, attempted to)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will or shall want, will be willing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) quer - er = quer + ré = querré = (I will or shall want, will be willing)

(tú/vos) quer - er = quer + rás = querrás = (you will or shall want, will be willing)

(él, ella, usted) quer - ra = quer + rá = querrá = (he/she/you will or shall want, will be willing)

(nosotros) quer - er = quer + remos = querremos = (we will or shall want, will be willing)

(vosotros) quer - er = quer + réis = querréis = (you will or shall want, will be willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) quer - er = quer + rán = querrán = (they/you (pl.) will or shall want, will be willing)

COMPOUND OR PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have wanted, was willing/have been want, to be willing) (Regular in the form)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Indicative) (Regular in the form)

(yo) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = he querido (I have wanted, was willing/have been wanting to, I have been willing)

(tú/vos) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = has querido (you have wanted, was willing/have been wanting to, you have been willing)

(él, ella, usted) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = ha querido (he/she/you have wanted, he/she was willing, you were willing, he/she has been wanting to, he/she has been willing)

(nosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hemos querido (we have wanted, was willing/have been wanting to, we have been willing)

(vosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habeis querido (you have wanted, was willing/have been wanting to, we have been willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = han querido (they/you (pl.) have wanted, was willing/have been wanting to, they/you (pl.) have been willing)

Imperfect Indicative: (I had wanted, was willing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Indicative) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = había querido (I had wanted, was willing)

(tú/vos) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habías querido (you had wanted, were willing)

(él, ella, usted) querer - er = quer +ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = había querido (he/she/you had wanted, he/she was willing, you were willing)

(nosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habíamos querido (we had wanted, were willing)

(vosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habíais querido (you had wanted, were willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habían querido (they/you (pl.) had wanted, were willing)

Future Indicative: (I will/shall have wanted) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habré querido (I will/shall have wanted)

(tú/vos) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrás querido (you will/shall have wanted)

(él, ella, usted) querer - er = quer +ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrá querido (he/she/you will/shall have wanted)

(nosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrémos querido (we will/shall have wanted)

(vosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habréis querido (you will/shall have wanted)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrán querido (they/you (pl.) will/shall have wanted)

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may want, would be willing)

(yo) quiera = (I may want, I would be willing)

(tú/vos) quieras = (you may want, I would be willing)

(él, ella, usted) quiera = (he/she/you may want, he/she/you would be willing)

(nosotros) queramos = (we may want, we would be willing)

(vosotros) queráis = (you may want, you would be willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) quieran = (they/you (pl.) may want, they/you (pl.) would be willing)

Imperfect Subjunctive: (I might want, might be willing)

(yo) quisiese or quisiera = (I might want, I might be willing)

(tú/vos) quisieses or quisieras = (you might want, you might be willing)

(él, ella, usted) quisiese or quisiera = (he/she/you might want, he/she/you might be willing)

(nosotros) quisiésemos or quisiéramos = (we might want, we might be willing)

(vosotros) quisieseis or quisierais = (you might want, you might be willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) quisiesen or quisieran = (they/you (pl.) may want, they/you (pl.) might be willing)

Future Subjunctive: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to want, if I was willing, if I should want, If I were willing, if I may want, If I might be willing, if I might want, If I might be willing)

(yo) quisiera = (if I were to want, If I was willing, if I should want, If I were willing, if I may want, If I might be willing, if I might want, If I might be willing)

(tú/vos) quisieras = (if you were to want, If you were willing, if you should want, if you may want, If you might be willing, if you might want If you might be willing)

(él, ella, usted) quisiera = if he/she/you were to want, if he/she/you were willing, if he/she/you should want, if he/she/you were willing, if he/she/you may want, if he/she/you might be willing, if he/she/you might want, if he/she/you might be willing)

(nosotros) quisiéramos = (if we were to want, if we should want, if we were willing, if we may want, if we might be willing, if we might want)

(vosotros) quisierais = (if you were to want, if you should want if you were willing, if you may want, if you might be willing, if you might want)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) quisieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to want, if they/you (pl.) should want, if they/you (pl.) were willing, if they/you (pl.) may want, if they/you (pl.) might be willing, if they/you (pl.) might want, if they/you (pl.) might be willing)

Subjunctive Mood (Compound)

Present Perfect Subjunctive (I may have wanted, may have been willing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = haya querido (I may have wanted, may have been willing)

(tú/vos) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayas querido (you may have wanted, may have been willing)

(él, ella, usted) querer - er = quer +ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = haya querido (he/she/you may have wanted, may have been willing)

(nosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayamos querido (we may have wanted, may have been willing)

(vosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayáis querido (you may have wanted, may have been willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) querer - ar = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayan querido (they/you (pl.) may have wanted, may have been willing)

Imperfect Subjunctive (I might have wanted, might have been willing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiese or hubiera querido (I might have wanted, might have been willing)

(tú/vos) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieses or hubieras querido (you might have wanted, might have been willing)

(él, ella, usted) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiese or hubiera querido (he/she/you might have wanted, might have been willing)

(nosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiesemos or hubiéramos querido (we might have wanted, might have been willing)

(vosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieseis or hubierais querido (you might have wanted, might have been willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiesen or hubieran querido (they/you (pl.) might have wanted, might have been willing)

Future Perfect Subjunctive NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to want, were to be willing, if I should want, was willing, if I may want, may be willing, if I might want, might be willing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiera querido (if I were to want, were to be willing, if I should want, was willing, if I may want, may be willing, if I might want, might be willing)

(tú/vos) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieras querido (if you were to want, were to be willing, if you should want, were willing, if you may want, may be willing, if you might want, might be willing)

(él, ella, usted) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiera querido (if he/she/you were to want, were to be willing, if he/she/you should want, were willing, if he/she/you may want, may be willing, if he/she/you might want, might be willing)

(nosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieramos querido (if we were to want, were to be willing, if we should want, were willing, if we may want, may be willing, if we might want, might be willing)

(vosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubierais querido (if you were to want, were to be willing, if you should want, were willing, if you may want, may be willing, if you might want, might be willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieran querido (if they/you (pl.) were to want, were to be willing, if they/you (pl.) should want, were willing, if they/you (pl.) may want, may be willing, if they/you (pl.) might want, might be willing)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would/should want/be willing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) querer - er = quer + ría = querría = (I would/should want, I would/should be willing)

(tú/vos) querer - er = quer + rías = querrías = (you would/should want, you would/should be willing)

(él, ella, usted) querer - er = quer + ría = querría = (he/she/you would/should want, he/she/you would/should be willing)

(nosotros) quer + ríamos = querríamos = (we would/should want, we would/should be willing)

(vosotros) quer + ríeis = querrieis = (you would/should want, you would/should be willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) querer - er = quer + rían = querrían = (they/you (pl.) would/should want, they/you (pl.) would/should be willing)

(COMPOUND)

Conditional Perfect: (I would/should have wanted, I would/should have been willing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habría querido (I would/should have wanted, I I would/should have been willing)

(tú/vos) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrías querido (you would/should have wanted, you would/should have been willing)

(él, ella, usted) querer - er = quer +ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habría querido (he/she/you would/should have wanted, he/she/you would/should have been willing)

(nosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habríamos querido (we would/should have wanted, we would/should have been willing)

(vosotros) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habríais querido (you would/should have wanted, you would/should have been willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) querer - er = quer + ido = querido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrían querido (they/you (pl.) would/should have wanted, they/you (pl.) would/should have been willing)

IMPERATIVE MOOD (you want, you are willing -- you want, you are willing)

(tú/vos) quiere = (you want, you are willing)

(vosotros) quered = (you want, you are willing)

(nosotros) queramos = (we want, we are willing)

(él, ella, usted) quiera = (he, she, you want/are willing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) quieran = (they/you (pl.) want, are willing)

no quieras hacer eso = you (familiar) dont want to do that

¡no quieras eso! = you (familiar) dont want that!


Irregular Verb -- saber = to know

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: saber = to know

PARTICIPLES -- PAST, PRESENT: (knew, knowing)

PRESENT: = saber - er = sab + iendo = sabiendo (knowing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

PAST: = saber - er = sab + ido = sabido (knew) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I know) (Regular in this form EXCEPT for yo)

(yo) sé = (I know)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + es = sabes = (you know)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab + e = sabe = (he/she knows, you know)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + emos = sabemos = (we know)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + éis = sabéis = (you know)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + en = saben = (they/you (pl.) know)

Past Simple: (I knew)

(yo) supe = (I knew)

(tú/vos) supiste = (you knew)

(él, ella, usted) supo = (he/she/you knew)

(nosotros) supimos = (we knew)

(vosotros) supisteis = (you knew)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) supieron = (they/you (pl.) knew)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will or shall know) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ré = sabré = (I will or shall know)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + rás = sabrás = (you will or shall know)

(él, ella, usted) saber - ar = sab + rá = sabrá = (he/she/you will or shall know)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + remos = sabremos = (we will or shall know)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + réis = sabréis = (you will or shall know)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + rán = sabrán = (they/you (pl.) will or shall know)

COMPOUND OR PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have known/have been knowing) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = he sabido (I have known/have been knowing)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = has sabido (you have known/have been knowing)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = ha sabido (he/she has known/have been knowing, you have known/have been knowing)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hemos sabido (we have known/have been knowing)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habéis sabido (you have known/have been knowing)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = han sabido (they/you (pl.) have known/have been knowing)

Imperfect and Past Simple Indicative: (I had known) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Indicative) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = había or hube sabido (I had known)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habías or hubiste sabido (you had known)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab +ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = había or hubo sabido (he/she/you had known)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habíamos or hubimos sabido (we had known)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habíais or hubisteis sabido (you had known)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habían or hubieron sabido (they/you (pl.) had known)

Future Perfect Indicative: (I will/shall have known) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habré sabido (I will/shall have known)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrás sabido (you will/shall have known)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab +ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrá sabido (he/she/you will/shall have known)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrémos sabido (we will/shall have known)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habréis sabido (you will/shall have known)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrán sabido (they/you (pl.) will/shall have known)

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may know)

(yo) sepa = (I may know)

(tú/vos) sepas = (you may know)

(él, ella, usted) sepa = (he/she/you may know)

(nosotros) sepamos = (we may know)

(vosotros) sepáis = (you may know)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) sepan = (they/you (pl.) may know)

Imperfect Subjunctive: (I might know)

(yo) supiese or supiera = (I might know)

(tú/vos) supieses or supieras = (you might know)

(él, ella, usted) supiese or supiera = (he/she/you might know)

(nosotros) supiésemos or supiéramos = (we might know)

(vosotros) supieseis or supierais = (you might know)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) supiesen or supieran = (they/you (pl.) may know)

Future Subjunctive: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to know, if I should know, if I may know, if I might know)

(yo) supiera = (if I were to know, if I should know, if I may know, if I might know)

(tú/vos) supieras = (if you were to know, if you should know, if you may know, if you might know)

(él, ella, usted) supiera = (if he/she/you were to know, if he/she/you should/may/might know)

(nosotros) supiéramos = (if we were to know, if we should know, if we may know, if we might know)

(vosotros) supierais = (if you were to know, if you should know, if you may know, if you might know)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) supieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to know, if they/you (pl.) should know, if they/you (pl.) may know, if they/you (pl.) might know

Subjunctive Mood (Compound)

Present Perfect Subjunctive (I may have known) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = haya sabido (I may have known)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayas sabido (you may have known)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab +ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = haya sabido (he/she/you may have known)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayamos sabido (we may have known)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayáis sabido (you may have known)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - ar = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayan sabido (they/you (pl.) may have known)

Imperfect Subjunctive (I might have known) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiese or hubiera sabido (I might have known)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieses or hubieras sabido (you might have known)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiese or hubiera sabido (he/she/you might have known)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiesemos or hubiéramos sabido (we might have known)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieseis or hubierais sabido (you might have known)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiesen or hubieran sabido (they/you (pl.) might have known)

Future Perfect Subjunctive NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to know, if I should know, if I may know, if I might know) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiera sabido (if I were to know, if I should know, if I may know, if I might know)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieras sabido (if you were to know, if you should know, if you may know, if you might know)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiera sabido (if he/she/you were to know, if he/she/you should know/may know/might know)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiéramos sabido (if we were to know, if we should know, if we may know, if we might know)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubierais sabido (if you were to know, if you should know, if you may know, if you might know)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieran sabido (if they/you (pl.) were to know, if they/you (pl.) should know, if they/you (pl.) may know, if they/you (pl.) might know)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would/should know) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ría = sabría = (I would/should know)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + rías = sabrías = (you would/should know)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab + ría = sabría = (he/she/you would/should know)

(nosotros) sabr + íamos = sabríamos = (we would/should know)

(vosotros) sabr + íais = sabríais = (you would/should know)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + rían = sabrían = (they/you (pl.) would/should know)

(COMPOUND)

Conditional Perfect: (I would/should have known) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habría sabido (I would/should have known)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrías sabido (you would/should have known)

(él, ella, usted) saber - er = sab +ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habría sabido (he/she/you would/should have known)

(nosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habríamos sabido (we would/should have known)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habráis sabido (you would/should have known)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) saber - er = sab + ido = sabido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrán sabido (they/you (pl.) would/should have known)

IMPERATIVE MOOD (know you, know you, know) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(tú/vos) saber - er = sab +e = sabe = (know you)

(vosotros) saber - er = sab +ed = sabed = (know you)

(nosotros) sepamos =

(él, ella, usted) sepa =

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) sepan =

tú no sepas = you (familiar) dont know


Irregular Verb -- ser = to be

Irregular Verb -- ser = to be (permanent condition)

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: ser = to be (permanent condition/inherent characteristics)

PRESENT PARTICIPLE: siendo = (being)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I am)

(yo) soy = (I am)

(tú/vos) eres = (you are)

(él, ella, usted) es = (he/she is, you are)

(nosotros) somos = (we are)

(vosotros) sois = (you are)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) son = (they/you (pl.) are)

IMPERFECT or Past Simple INDICATIVE: (I was)

(yo) era or fui = (I was)

(tú/vos) eras or fuiste = (you were)

(él, ella, usted) era or fue = (he/she was, you were)

(nosotros) éramos or fuimos = (we were)

(vosotros) érais or fuisteis = (you were)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) eran or fueron = (they/you (pl.) were)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will be, I shall be)

(yo) seré = (I will be, I shall be)

(tú/vos) serás = (you will be, you shall be)

(él, ella, usted) será = (he/she/you will be, he/she/you shall be)

(nosotros) seremos = (we will be/we shall be)

(vosotros) seréis = (you will be, you shall be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) serán = (they/you (pl.) will be, they/you (pl.) shall be)

COMPOUND OR PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have been) (uses the tenido conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Indicative)

(yo) he sido = (I have been)

(tú/vos) has sido = (you have been)

(él, ella, usted) ha sido = (he/she/you have been)

(nosotros) hemos sido = (we have been)

(vosotros) habéis sido = (you have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han sido = (they/you (pl.) have been)

Imperfect or Past Simple Indicative: (I had been) (uses the conjugation tenido of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Indicative)

(yo) había or hube sido = (I had been)

(tú/vos) habías or hubiste sido = (you had been)

(él, ella, usted) había or hubo sido = (he/she/you had been)

(nosotros) habíamos or hubimos sido = (we had been)

(vosotros) habíais or hubisteis sido = (you had been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían or hubieron sido = (they/you (pl.) had been)

Future Perfect Indicative: (I will have been/I shall have been) (uses the conjugation tenido of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Indicative)

(yo) habré sido = (I will have been, I shall have been)

(tú/vos) habrás sido = (you will have been, you shall have been)

(él, ella, usted) habrá sido = (he/she/you will have been, he/she/you shall have been)

(nosotros) habremos sido = (we will have been, we shall have been)

(vosotros) habréis sido = (you will have been, you shall have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán sido = (they/you (pl.) will have been, they/you (pl.) shall have been)

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may be)

(yo) sea = (I may be)

(tú/vos) seas = (you may be)

(él, ella, usted) sea = (he/she/you may be)

(nosotros) seamos = (we may be)

(vosotros) seáis = (you may be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) sean = (they/you (pl.) may be)

Imperfect Subjunctive: (I might be)

(yo) fuese or fuera = (I might be)

(tú/vos) fueses or fueras = (you might be)

(él, ella, usted) fuese or fuera = (he/she/you might be)

(nosotros) fuésemos or fuéramos = (we might be)

(vosotros) fueseis or fuerais = (you might be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) fuesen or fueran = (they/you (pl.) might be)

Future Subjunctive: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to be, if I should be, if I may be, if I may know)

(yo) fuera = (if I were to be, if I should be, if I may be)

(tú/vos) fueras = (if you were to be, if you should be, if you may be)

(él, ella, usted) fuera = (if he/she/you were to be, if he/she/you should be, if he/she/you may be)

(nosotros) fuéramos = (if we were to be, if we should be, if we may be)

(vosotros) fuerais = (if you were to be, if you should be, if you may be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) fueran = (if they/you (pl.) were to be, if they/you (pl.) should be, if they/you (pl.) may be)

Subjunctive Mood (Compound)

Present Perfect Subjunctive (I may have been) (uses the conjugation tenido of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive)

(yo) haya sido = (I may have been)

(tú/vos) hayas sido = (you may have been)

(él, ella, usted) haya sido = (he/she/you may have been)

(nosotros) hayamos sido = (we may have been)

(vosotros) hayáis sido = (you may have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan sido = (they/you (pl.) may have been)

Imperfect Subjunctive (I might have been) (uses the conjugation tenido of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive)

(yo) hubiese or hubiera sido = (I might have been)

(tú/vos) hubieses or hubieras sido = (you might have been)

(él, ella, usted) hubiese or hubiera sido = (he/she/you might have been)

(nosotros) hubiésemos or hubieramos sido = (we might have been)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubierais sido = (you might have been)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesen or hubieran sido = (they/you (pl.) might have been)

Future Perfect Subjunctive NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to be, if I should be, if I may be, if I might be) (uses the conjugation tenido of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Subjunctive)

(yo) hubiera sido = (if I were to be, if I should be, if I may be, if I might be)

(tú/vos) hubieras sido = (if you were to be, if you should be, if you may be, if you might be)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera sido = (if he/she/you were to be, if he/she/you should be, if he/she/you may be, if he/she/you might be)

(nosotros) hubiéramos sido = (if we were to be, if we should be, if we may be, if we might be)

(vosotros) hubierais sido = (if you were to be, if you should be, if you may be, if you might be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran sido = (if they/you (pl.) were to be, if they/you (pl.) should be, if they/you (pl.) may be, if they/you (pl.) might be)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would be, I should be)

(yo) sería = (I would be, I should be)

(tú/vos) serías = (you would be, you should be)

(él, ella, usted) sería = (he/she/you would be, he/she/you should be)

(nosotros) seríamos = (we would be, we should be)

(vosotros) seríais = (you would be, you should be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) serían = (they/you (pl.) would be, they/you (pl.) should be)

(COMPOUND)

Conditional Perfect: (I would be, I should be) (uses the conjugation tenido of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect)

(yo) habría sido = (I would be, I should be)

(tú/vos) habrías sido = (you would be, you should be)

(él, ella, usted) habría sido = (he/she/you would be, he/she/you should be)

(nosotros) habríamos sido = (we would be, we should be)

(vosotros) habríais sido = (you would be, you should be)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían sido = (they/you (pl.) would be, they/you (pl.) should be)

IMPERATIVE MOOD (affirmative)

(tú/vos) sé

(vosotros) sed

(él, ella, usted) sea

(nosotros) seamos

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) sean

tú no seas así = dont (you familiar) be that way


Irregular Verb -- haber = to have

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

Note: The verb haber (to have) is used as a helping verb only

INFINITIVE: haber = to have

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I have)

(yo) he = (I have)

(tú/vos) has = (you have)

(él, ella, usted) ha = (he/she/you has/have)

(nosotros) hemos = (we have)

(vosotros) habéis = (you have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han = (they/you (pl.) have)

Past Simple or Imperfect (I had)

(yo) hube or había = (I had)

(tú/vos) hubiste or habías = (you had)

(él, ella, usted) hubo or había = (he/she/you had)

(nosotros) hubimos or habíamos = (we had)

(vosotros) hubisteis or habíais = (you had)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieron or habían = (they/you (pl.) had)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will or shall have) (Regular in this conjugation)

(yo) hab - er = hab + re = habré = (I will or shall have)

(tú/vos) hab - er = hab + rás = habrás = (you will or shall have)

(él, ella, usted) hab- er = hab + rá = habrá = (he/she/you will or shall have)

(nosotros) hab-er = hab + remos = habremos = (we will or shall have)

(vosotros) hab- er = hab + reis = habréis = (you will or shall have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hab- er = hab + ran = habrán = (they/you (pl.) will or shall have)

COMPOUND OR PERFECT

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may have)

(yo) haya = (I may have)

(tú/vos) hayas = (you may have)

(él, ella, usted) haya = (he/she/you may have)

(nosotros) hayamos = (we may have)

(vosotros) hayáis = (you may have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan = (they/you (pl.) may have)

Imperfect Subjunctive: (I might have)

(yo) hubiera or hubiese = (I might have)

(tú/vos) hubieras or hubieses = (you might have)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera or hubiese = (he/she/you might have)

(nosotros) hubiéramos or hubiésemos = (we might have)

(vosotros) hubiérais or hubieseis = (you might have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran or hubiesen = (they/you (pl.) might have)

Future Subjunctive: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to have, if I should have, if I may have, if I might have)

(yo) hubiera = (if I were to have, if I should have, if I may have, if I might have)

(tú/vos) hubieras = (if you were to have, if you should have, if you may have, if you might have)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera = (if he/she/you were to have, if he/she/you should/may/might have)

(nosotros) hubiéremas = (if we were to have, if we should have, if we may have, if we might have)

(vosotros) hubiérais = (if you were to have, if you should have, if you may have, if you might have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to have, if they/you (pl.) should have, if they/you (pl.) may have, if they/you (pl.) might have

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would/should have) (Regular in this form)

(yo) hab + ía = había = (I would/should have)

(tú/vos) hab + ías = habías = (you would/should have)

(él, ella, usted) hab + ía = había = (he/she/you would/should have)

(nosotros) hab + íamos = habíamos = (we would/should have)

(vosotros) hab + íais = habíais = (you would/should have)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hab + ían = habían = (they/you (pl.) would/should have)

(IMPERATIVE MOOD (have you, have you, have we)

(tú/vos) he = (have you)

(vosotros) haced = (have you)

(nosotros) hayamos = (have we)

(él, ella, usted) haya = (have you)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan = (have they)


Irregular Verb -- traer = to bring/to wear/to carry

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: traer = to bring/to wear/to carry

PARTICIPLES -- PAST, PRESENT: (bring/wear/carrying -- brought/wore/carried) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

PRESENT: = traer - er = tray + endo = traiendo (bring/wear/carrying)

PAST: = traer - er = tra + ido = traido (brought/wore/worn/carried)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I bring/wear/carry)

(yo) traigo = (I bring/wear/carry)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra + es = traes = (you bring/wear/carry)

(él, ella, usted) trae = (he/she brings/wears/carries, you bring/wear/carry)

(nosotros) traer - er = tra + emos = traemos = (we bring/wear/carry)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra + eis = traéis = (you bring/wear/carry)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - er = tra + en = traen = (they/you (pl.) bring/wear/carry)

Past Simple: (I brought/wore/carried)

(yo) traje = (I brought/wore/carried)

(tú/vos) trajiste = (you brought/wore/carried)

(él, ella, usted) trajo = (he/she/you brought/wore/carried)

(nosotros) trajimos = (we brought/wore/carried)

(vosotros) trajisteis = (you brought/wore/carried)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) trajeron = (they/you (pl.) brought/wore/carried)

COMPOUND OR PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have brought/worn/carried -- have been bringing/wearing/carrying) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = he traido (I have brought/worn/carried -- have been bringing/wearing/carrying to)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = has traido (you have brought/worn/carried -- have been bringing/wearing/carrying to)

(él, ella, usted) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = ha traido (he/she/you have brought/worn/carried -- have been bringing/wearing/carrying to)

(nosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hemos traido (we have brought/worn/carried -- have been bringing/wearing/carrying)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habéis traido (you have brought/worn/carried -- have been bringing/wearing/carrying)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = han traido (they/you (pl.) have brought/worn/carried -- have been bringing/wearing/carrying)

Past Perfect or Imperfect Indicative: (I had brought/worn/carried) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Indicative) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = había or hube traido (I had brought/worn/carried)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habías or hubiste traido (you had brought/worn/carried)

(él, ella, usted) traer - er = tra +ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = había or hubo traido (he/she/you had brought/worn/carried)

(nosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habíamos or hubimos traido (we had brought/worn/carried)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habíais or hubísteis traido (you had brought/worn/carried)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habían or hubieron traido (they/you (pl.) had brought/worn/carried)

Future Indicative: (I will/shall have brought, I will/shall have worn, I will/shall wear, I will/shall have carried) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habré traido (I will/shall have brought//worn/carried)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrás traido (you will/shall have brought/worn/carried)

(él, ella, usted) traer - er = tra +ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrá traido (he/she/you will/shall have brought/worn/carried)

(nosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habremos traido (we will/shall have brought/worn/carried)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habréis traido (you will/shall have brought/worn/carried)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrán traido (they/you (pl.) will/shall have brought/worn/carried)

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may bring/wear/carry)

(yo) traiga = (I may bring/wear/carry)

(tú/vos) traigas = (you may bring/wear/carry)

(él, ella, usted) traiga = (he/she/you may bring/wear/carry)

(nosotros) traigamos = (we may bring/wear/carry)

(vosotros) traigáis = (you may bring/wear/carry)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traigan = (they/you (pl.) may bring/wear/carry)

Imperfect Subjunctive: (I might bring/wear/carry)

(yo) trajese or trajera = (I might bring/wear/carry)

(tú/vos) trajeses or trajeras = (you might bring/wear/carry)

(él, ella, usted) trajese or trajera = (he/she/you might bring/wear/carry)

(nosotros) trajésemos or trajéramos = (we might bring/wear/carry)

(vosotros) trajeseis or trajerais = (you might bring/wear/carry)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) trajesen or trajeran = (they/you (pl.) may bring/wear/carry)

Future Subjunctive: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to bring/wear/carry, if I should bring/wear/carry, if I may bring/wear/carry, if I might bring/wear/carry)

(yo) trajera = (if I were to bring/wear/carry, if I should bring/wear/carry, if I may bring/wear/carry, if I might bring/wear/carry)

(tú/vos) trajeras = (if you were to bring/wear/carry, if you should bring/wear/carry, if you may bring/wear/carry, if you might bring/wear/carry)

(él, ella, usted) trajera = (if he/she/you were to bring/wear/carry, if he/she/you should/may/might bring/wear/carry)

(nosotros) trajéramos = (if we were to bring/wear/carry, if we should bring/wear/carry, if we may bring/wear/carry, if we might bring/wear/carry)

(vosotros) trajerais = (if you were to bring/wear/carry, if you should bring/wear/carry, if you may bring/wear/carry, if you might bring/wear/carry)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) trajeran = (if they/you (pl.) were to bring/wear/carry, if they/you (pl.) should bring/wear/carry, if they/you (pl.) may bring/wear/carry, if they/you (pl.) might bring/wear/carry

Subjunctive Mood (Compound)

Present Perfect Subjunctive (I may have brought/worn/carried) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = haya traido (I may have brought/worn/carried)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayas traido (you may have brought/worn/carried)

(él, ella, usted) traer - er = tra +ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = haya traido (he/she/you you may have brought/worn/carried)

(nosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayamos traido (we may have brought/worn/carried)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayáis traido (you may have brought/worn/carried)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - ar = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hayan traido (they/you (pl.) may have brought/worn/carried)

Imperfect Subjunctive (I might have brought/worn/carried) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken and Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiese or hubiera traido (I might have brought/worn/carried)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieses or hubieras traido (you might have brought/worn/carried)

(él, ella, usted) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiese or hubiera traido (he/she/you might have brought/worn/carried)

(nosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiésemos or hubieramos traido (we might have brought/worn/carried)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieseis or hubierais traido (you might have brought/worn/carried)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiesen or hubieran traido (they/you (pl.) might have brought/worn/carried)

Future Perfect Subjunctive NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to bring/wear/carry, if I should bring/wear/carry, if I may bring/wear/carry, if I might bring/wear/carry) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiera traido (if I were to bring/wear/carry, if I should bring/wear/carry, if I may bring/wear/carry, if I might bring/wear/carry)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubieras traido (if you were to bring/wear/carry, if you should bring/wear/carry, if you may bring/wear/carry, if you might bring/wear/carry)

(él, ella, usted) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiera traido (if he/she/you were to bring/wear/carry or should bring/wear/carry or may bring/wear/carry or might bring/wear/carry)

(nosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiesamos traido (if we were to bring/wear/carry, if we should bring/wear/carry, if we may bring/wear/carry, if we might bring/wear/carry)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiesais traido (if you were to bring/wear/carry, if you should bring/wear/carry, if you may bring/wear/carry, if you might bring/wear/carry)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = hubiesan traido (if they/you (pl.) were to bring/wear/carry, if they/you (pl.) should bring/wear/carry, if they/you (pl.) may bring/wear/carry, if they/you (pl.) might bring/wear/carry)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would/should bring/wear/carry)

(yo) traía = (I would/should bring/wear/carry)

(tú/vos) traías = (you would/should bring/wear/carry)

(él, ella, usted) traía = (he/she/you would/should bring/wear/carry)

(nosotros) traíamos = (we would/should bring/wear/carry)

(vosotros) traíais = (you would/should bring/wear/carry)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traían = (they/you (pl.) would/should bring/wear/carry)

(COMPOUND)

Conditional Perfect: (I would bring/wear/carry -- should have brought/worn/carried) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

Spoken or Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect) (Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(yo) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habría traido (I would bring/wear/carry -- should have brought/worn/carried)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrías traido (you would bring/wear/carry -- should have brought/worn/carried)

(él, ella, usted) traer - er = tra +ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habría traido (he/she/you would bring/wear/carry -- should have brought/worn/carried)

(nosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habríamos traido (we would bring/wear/carry -- should have brought/worn/carried)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habriais traido (you would bring/wear/carry -- should have brought/worn/carried)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - er = tra + ido = traido + (conjugation of the verb haber) = habrían traido (they/you (pl.) would bring/wear/carry -- should have brought/worn/carried)

IMPERATIVE MOOD (bring/wear/carry you, bring/wear/carry you, bring/wear/carry they)

(Regular in this form for verbs ending in -er)

(tú/vos) traer - er = tra +e = trae = (bring/wear/carry you)

(vosotros) traer - er = tra +ed = traed = (bring/wear/carry you)

(nosotros) traer- er = tra + igamos = traigamos

(él, ella, usted) traer-er = tra + iga = traiga

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) traer - er = tra + igan = traigan(bring you)

¡no traigas nada! = you (familiar) dont bring anything!


Irregular Verb -- valer = to be worth

(only irregular in the first person singular of the present indicative)

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

INFINITIVE: valer = to be worth

PERSONAL INFINITIVE: (me to be worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

(PARTICIPLES -- PAST, PRESENT: (are/am worth, was/were worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I am worth)

(yo) valgo = (I am worth)

(tú/vos) valer - er = val + es = vales = (you are worth)

(él, ella, usted) valer - er = val + e = vale = (he/she/you are worth)

(nosotros) valer - er = val + emos = valemos = (we are worth)

(vosotros) valer - er = val + eis = valéis = (you are worth)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) valer - er = val + en = valen = (they/you (pl.) are worth)

FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will or shall be worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

COMPOUND OR PERFECT

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I have been worth/have been worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Past Perfect or Imperfect Indicative: (I was worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Indicative) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Indicative) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Future Perfect Indicative: (I will/shall be worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Indicative) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Subjunctive Mood (Simple)

Present Subjunctive: (I may be worth)

(yo) valga = (I may be worth)

(tú/vos) valgas = (you may be worth)

(él, ella, usted) valga = (he may be worth/she may be worth/you may be worth)

(nosotros) valgamos = (we may be worth)

(vosotros) valgáis = (you may be worth)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) valgan = (they may be worth, you (pl.) may be worth)

Subjunctive Mood (Compound)

Present Subjunctive (I may have been worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Present Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Imperfect Subjunctive (I might have been worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Past Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Future Perfect Subjunctive NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were worth, if I should be worth, if I may be worth, if I might be worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

(Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Future Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE) (I would/should be worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

(COMPOUND) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Conditional Perfect: (I would/should have been worth) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Spoken Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

Written Form: (uses a conjugation of the irregular verb haber = to have to form the Compound Conditional Perfect) (Regular in this form with verbs ending in -er)

IMPERATIVE MOOD (be worth you, be worth you, be worth)

(tú/vos) valer - er = val +e = vale = (be worth you)

(vosotros) valer - er = val +ed = valed = (be worth you)

(nosotros) valgamos =

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) valgan = (be worth you)

(él, ella, usted) valga = (be worth you)


Irregular Verb -- venir = to come

View the list of singular and plural subject pronouns and/or the notations used here before proceeding.

IMPERSONAL: venir = to come

PARTICIPLE and GERUND: (come, coming)

PARTICIPLE (PARTICÍPIO) = venir (come) (irregular)

GERUND (GERÚNDIO) = ven - ir = vin + iendo = viniendo (coming)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

PRESENT INDICATIVE: (I come)

(yo) vengo = (I come)

(tú/vos) vienes = (you come)

(él, ella, usted) viene = (he/she comes, you come)

(nosotros) venimos = (we come)

(vosotros) venís = (you come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) vienen = (they come/you (pl.) come)

Past Simple: (I came)

(yo) vine = (I came)

(tú/vos) viniste = (you came)

(él, ella, usted) vino = (he/she/you came)

(nosotros) vinimos = (we came)

(vosotros) vinisteis = (you came)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) vinieron = (they came, you (pl.) came)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE: (I will/shall come)

(Infinitive of verb vend + ré/ás/á/remos/réis/rán)

(yo) vend + ré = vendré = (I will/shall come)

(tú/vos) vend + rás = vendrás = (you will come)

(él, ella, usted) vend + rá = vendrá = (he/she/you will come)

(nosotros) vend + remos = vendremos = (we will/shall come)

(vosotros) vend + reis = vendréis = (you will come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) vend + rán = vendrán = (they will come, you (pl.) will come)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I have come, I have been coming)

(Present Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb venir = viniendo)

(yo) he venido = (I have come, I have been coming = yo he estado viniendo)

(tú/vos) has venido = (you have come, you have been coming = tú has estado viniendo)

(él, ella, usted) ha venido = (he/she has come, you have come, he/she/you have been coming = él, ella, usted ha estado viniendo)

(nosotros) hemos venido = (we have come, we have been coming = nosotros hemos estado viniendo)

(vosotros) habéis venido = (you have come, you have been coming = vosotros habéis estado viniendo)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) han venido = (they/you (pl.) have come, they/you (pl.) have been coming = ellos, ellas, ustedes han estado viniendo)

IMPERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE INDICATIVE: (I had come)

(Imperfect Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb venir = venido)

(yo) había or hube venido = (I had come)

(tú/vos) habías or hubistes venido = (you had come)

(él, ella, usted) había or hubo venido = (he/she/you had come)

(nosotros) habíamos or hubimos venido = (we had come)

(vosotros) habíais or hubisteis venido = (you had come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habían or hubieron venido = (they/you (pl.) had come)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE: (I will/shall have come)

(Future Indicative of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb venir = venido)

(yo) habré venido = (I will/shall have come)

(tú/vos) habrás venido = (you will have come)

(él, ella, usted) habrá venido = (he/she/you will have come)

(nosotros) habrémos venido = (we will/shall have come)

(vosotros) habréis venido = (you will have come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrán venido = (they will have come, you (pl.) will have come)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may come)

(yo) venga = (I may come)

(tú/vos) vengas = (you may come)

(él, ella, usted) venga = (he/she/you may come)

(nosotros) vengamos = (we may come)

(vosotros) vengais = (you may come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) vengan = (they/you (pl.) may come)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might come)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = vinieran - ran = vini + ese/eses/ese/esemos/eseis/esen)

(yo) vinieran - ran = vini + ese = viniese or viniera = (I might come)

(tú/vos) vinieran - ran = vini + eses = vinieses or vinieras = (you might come)

(él, ella, usted) vinieran - ran = vini + ese = viniese or viniera = (he/she/you might come)

(nosotros) vinieran - ran = vini + ésemos = viniésemos or vinieramos = (we might come)

(vosotros) vinieran - ran = vini + eseis = vinieseis or vinierais = (you might come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) vinieran - ran = vini + esen = viniesen or vinieran = (they/you (pl.) might come)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to come, if I would/should come, if I may come, if I might come)

(3rd person plural preterit indicative = vinieron - ron = vini + era/eras/era/eramos/erais/eran)

(yo) vinieran - ran = vini + era = viniera = (if I were to come, if I would/should come, if I may come, if I might come)

(tú/vos) vinieran - ran = vini + eras = vinieras = (if you were to come, if you would come, if you may come, if you might come)

(él, ella, usted) vinieran - ran = vini + era = viniera (if he/she/you were to come, if he/she/you would come, if he/she/you/may come, if he/she/you might come)

(nosotros) vinieran - ran = vini + éramos = viniéramos = (if we were to come, if we would/should come, if we may come, if we might come)

(vosotros) vinieran - ran = vini + erais = vinierais = (if you were to come, if you would come, if you may come, if you might come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) vinieran - ran = vini + eran = vinieran = (if they/you (pl.) were to come, if they/you (pl.) would come, if they/you (pl.) may come, if they/you (pl.) might come)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND)

(The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I may have come)

(Present Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb venir = venido)

(yo) haya venido = (I may have come)

(tú/vos) hayas venido = (you may have come)

(él, ella, usted) haya venido = (he/she/you may have come)

(nosotros) hayamos venido = (we may have come)

(vosotros) hayáis venido = (you may have come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hayan venido = (they may have come, you (pl.) may have come)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: (I might have come)

(Imperfect Subjunctive of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb venir = venido)

(yo) hubiese or hubiera venido = (I might have come)

(tú/vos) hubieses or hubieras venido = (you might have come)

(él, ella, usted) hubiese or hubiera venido = (he/she/you might have come)

(nosotros) hubiésemos or hubieramos venido = (we might have come)

(vosotros) hubieseis or hubierais venido = (you might have come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesen or hubieran venido = (they might have come, you (pl.) might have come)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: NO DEFINITE FORM IN ENGLISH -- Present and Past Subjunctive and Conditional forms are employed to express Future Subjunctive (if I were to come, if I would/should have come, if I may have come, if I might have come) haber = to have (Future Subjunctive of the helping verb + participle of verb venir = venido)

(yo) hubiera venido = (if I were to come, if I would/should have come, if I may have come, if I might have come)

(tú/vos) hubieras venido = (if you were to come, if you would have come, if you may have come, if you might have come)

(él, ella, usted) hubiera venido = (if he/she/you were to come, if he/she/you would have come, if he/she/you may have come, if he/she/you might have come)

(nosotros) hubiéramos venido = (if we were to come, if we would/should have come, if we may have come, if we might have come)

(vosotros) hubiesais venido = (if you were to come, if you would have come, if you may have come, if you might have come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) hubiesan venido = (if they were to come, if you (pl.) were to come, if they would come, if you (pl.) would have come, if they may have come, if you (pl.) may have come, if they might have come, if you (pl.) might have come)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

(SIMPLE): (I would/should come)

(Infinitive of verb venir + ía/ías/ía/íamos/íais/ian)

(yo) ven + ía = venía = (I would/should come)

(tú/vos) ven + ías = venías = (you would come)

(él, ella, usted) ven + ía = venía = (he/she/you would come)

(nosotros) ven + íamos = veníamos = (we would/should come)

(p) (vosotros) ven + íais = veníais = (you would come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) ven + ían = venían = (they would come, you (pl.) would come)

(COMPOUND): (I will/shall have come)

(Simple Conditional of the helping verb haber = to have + participle of verb venir = venido)

(yo) habría venido = (I would/should have come)

(tú/vos) habrías venido = (you would have come)

(él, ella, usted) habría venido = (he/she/you would have come)

(nosotros) habríamos venido = (we would/should have come)

(vosotros) habríais venido = (you would have come)

(ellos, ellas, ustedes) habrían venido = (they would have come, you (pl.) would have come)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

AFFIRMATIVE FORM: (come you/we/you/they/you (pl.)

ven (tú/vos)

venga (él, ella, usted)

vengamos (nosotros)

venid (vosotros)

vengan (ellos, ellas, ustedes)

¡tú no vengas aquí! = you (familiar) dont come here!


 Nouns & Articles

Noun Gender

Making Nouns Plural

Noun Suffixes

The Definite Article

The Indefinite Article

Prepositions

Using Por & Para


Noun Gender

All Spanish nouns are either masculine (m) or feminine (f). Generally, masculine nouns denote male humans and animals and feminine nouns denote female humans and animals. However, this doesn't help much when attempting to identify the gender of non-human or non-animal nouns. In such cases, "you've just gotta know." Most often, this means memorizing the gender of a particular noun.

There are, however, a few guidelines that can be of some help in identifying the gender of some nouns. You can often determine the gender of a noun by the noun's ending or by the noun's meaning. Also, because many nouns have both a masculine and feminine form, you may also change the gender of many nouns by changing the ending.


 Nouns ending with -o, -in or -un are usually masculine, for example:

el médico = the doctor

el fin = the end

el sonido = the sound

el atún = the tuna

 Nouns ending with -a, -dad, -tad, -tud, -ión and -umbre are usually feminine, for example:

la fuerza = the force

la caridad = the charity

la maleta = the baggage/the luggage


 The names of male humans and animals are almost always masculine (e.g. el hermano = the brother; el león = the lion).

 The names of female humans and animals are almost always feminine (e.g. la hermana = the sister; la leona = the lioness).

 The name of the months of the year are masculine (e.g. el mes de abril = the month of April; el mes de marzo = the month of March).

 The names of oceans, seas, lakes and mountains are masculine (e.g. el Pacífico = the Pacific; el Amazonas = the Amazon; el lago Huron = Lake Huron; el Alpes = the Alps).


You may change the gender of many nouns by:

1 Changing the final vowel to make a masculine noun feminine:

(son) hijo - o + a = hija (daughter)

2 Adding a to the masculine noun:

singer (m) = cantor + a = cantora = singer (f)

3 Dropping the final vowel and adding a suffix:

(m) poet = poeta -a + isa = poetisa = poetess (f)

4 Changing the article preceding the noun (because many nouns are both masculine and feminine): el estudiante = the student (m); la estudiante = the student (f)


 Making Nouns Plural

Nouns Ending with a Vowel

Nouns Ending with -r or -z

Nouns Ending with -s

Nouns Ending with -al, -el, -ol and -ul

Nouns Ending with -il

Noun Suffixes


Making Nouns Ending with a Vowel Plural

For nouns ending with a vowel (the majority), you only need to add an -s to form the plural:

the table = la mesa (sing.) = las mesas (pl.) = the tables

the book = el libro = (sing.) = los libros (pl.) = the books


Making Nouns Ending with -r or -z Plural

Making Nouns Ending with -r - Plural

Add -es to nouns ending with -r or -z to form the plural.

la mujer = the woman (sing.) -- las mujeres = the women (pl.)


Making Nouns Ending with s Plural

Making Nouns Ending with -s Plural

1 If the last syllable is stressed, -es is added to the singular form, for example:

el país = country (sing.) -- los países = the countries (pl.)

2 If the last syllable is not stressed, the noun is unchanged in the plural; for example:

el lápiz = the pencil (sing.) -- los lápices = the pencils (pl.)


Making Nouns ending with -al, -el, -ol and -ul Plural

Making Nouns Ending with -al, -el, and -ol Plural

Add -es to the -l ending:

el animal = the animal (sing.) -- los animales = the animals (pl.)

el papel = the paper (sing.) -- los papeles = the papers (pl.)

el sol = the sun (sing.) -- los soles = the suns (pl.)


Making Nouns Ending with -il Plural

The plural for nouns ending with -il are formed in one of two ways depending upon whether -il is stressed or not.

1 If the -il is stressed, change it to -es:

el barril (sing.) = the barrel (sing.) -- los barriles (pl.) = the barrels (pl.)

2 If the -il is not stressed, it does not change in the plural:

pueril = pertaining to children


Noun Suffixes

One of the more charming aspects of Spanish is the ability to change the meaning of a noun by adding a suffix such as the diminutive -ico/-ito (m) or -ica/-ita (f):

solo = alone -- solito = (a) little alone

bar = bar -- barsito = little bar

playa = beach -- playita = little beach

hermana= sister  hermanita = little sister

Juan = Juanito (demonstrating affection)


The Definite Article

While the same form of the definite article "the" is used for all cases in English, in Spanish, the definite article must always agree with both the gender and the singular or plural form of the noun it accompanies.

el = el hijo = the son (mas-sing.)

los = los hijos = the sons (mas.-pl.)

la = la hija = the daughter (fem-sing.)

las = las hijas = the daughters (fem-pl.)


The Indefinite Article

In English, the indefinite article a becomes an when it precedes a noun beginning with a vowel. In Spanish the indefinite article must always agree with both the gender and singular or plural form of the noun. While the indefinite article has no plural in English, in Spanish, plural forms of un and una (unos and unas) are used to express indefinite plurals.

Spanish Singular	English Singular
un avión (m)	an airplane
un barco (m)	a boat
una bolsa (f)	a bag
Spanish Plural	English Plural
unos aviones (m)	airplanes
unos barcos (m)	boats
unas bolsas (f)	bags


Prepositions & the Definite Article

 Prepositions

The most widely used Spanish prepositions include:

Spanish	English
a	to
ante	before/in front of
bajo	under
cabe	ahead
con	with
contra	against
de	from/of
desde	since
en	in
entre	between
hacia	toward
hasta	until
para	for/in order to
por	for
según	according to
sin	without
so	under
sobre	over
tras	after/behind


Prepositions & the Indefinite Article

 Use of Por & Para

The basic difference between por and para is that por looks back to the roots, origins or causes of a thing, while para looks forwards to the result, aim, goal or destination.

 Por is used to express:

1 Cause, reason, motive (usually why something has happened), for example:

Lo hizo por rabia. = He did it out of anger.

2 The period in which the action takes place, for example:

Salieron por la noche. = They/You (pl.) went out at night.

3 The place where the action takes place, for example:

Pasan por la calle. = They/You (pl.) go along the street.

4 The means, for example:

Lo llamaron por telefono. = They/You (pl.) contacted him by telephone.

5 Distribution or proportion, for example:

Son diez mil pesos por persona. = Its ten thousand pesos per head.

 Para is used to express:

1 Finality or destiny (this use often occurs in sentences in the future, for example:

Es para tú padre. = Its for your father.

Compré tela para un vestido. = I brought some dress material.

Salimos para Caracas. = Were setting out for Caracas.

2 Direction of movement (e.g. toward"), for example:

Vienen para acá. = They/You (pl.) are coming this way.

3 Deadlines, for example:

Para noviembre tiene que estar listo. = It has to be ready by November.

4 Comparison, for example:

Para lo que sirve puedes tirarlo a la basura. = For what its worth, you might as well throw it away.


 Adjectives

English adjectives are less radical than Spanish adjectives. In Spanish, the gender and singular or plural form of all adjectives must always agree with the accompanying noun. This means that a masculine noun must always be accompanied by an appropriate masculine adjective, and a feminine noun by an appropriate feminine adjective, for example, a new car = un automóvil nuevo; two new cars = dos automóviles nuevos.

Forming Feminine Adjectives

Forming Plural Adjectives


Forming Feminine Adjectives

1 Spanish adjectives ending with the masculine singular -o (e.g. nuevo = new, gordo = obese, rico = rich, alto = high/tall) can be changed to the feminine singular form by changing the ending -o to an -a.

o hombre rico (m, sing.) = the rich man

a mujer rica (f, sing.) = the rich woman

2 Masculine singular adjectives ending with -e are most often unchanged in the feminine singular (e.g. forte = strong, grande = big, inteligente = intelligent, verde = green, et cetera).

o carro verde (m, sing.) = the green car

a bolsa verde (f, sing.) = the green purse

3 Masculine singular adjectives ending with a consonant usually remain unchanged in the feminine singular. The exception is adjectives that indicate nationality and end with -es, -l and/or -or. In these cases, the feminine form is created by adding -a to the existing masculine form.

el cielo azul (m, singular) = the blue sky

la bolsa azul (f, singular) = the blue purse

un carro inglés = the English car

la lengua inglesa = the English language

4 For adjectives ending with -an, an -a is added to create the feminine form.

el carro alemán = the German car

la cerveza alemana = the German beer

5 For adjectives ending with -do, -da is substituted to create the feminine form.

el arroz crudo = the uncooked rice

la carne cruda = the raw meat


Forming Plural Adjectives

Plural Spanish adjectives are formed essentially the same as nouns. The final letter/letters is/are the key:

Adjective  Ending with:	Singular	Plural
any vowel	nuevo española	nuevos españolas
-r or -z	encantador feliz	encantadores felices
-n	comun	comunes
-al, -el, -ol & -ul	usual hotel español azul	usuales hoteles españoles azules
-il (last syllable stressed) (last syllable unstressed)	civil difícil	civiles difíciles
-s	ingles	ingleses


 Adverbs

Forming Adverbs From Adjectives

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of Placement

Adverbs of Quantity

Adverbs That Express Affirmation

Adverbs That Express Negation


Forming Adverbs From Adjectives

Many English adverbs are formed by simply adding -ly to an adjective (e.g. most + ly = mostly; calm + ly = camly; et cetera). Many Spanish adverbs are formed in a similar manner by adding -mente to the singular feminine form of the adjective:

sincero (sincere) + mente = sinceramente (sincerely)

horrible (horrible) + mente = horriblemente (horribly)

However, many common Spanish adverbs have the same form as the masculine singular adjective:

breve (or brevemente) = soon/shortly

raro (or raramente) = rarely

barato = cheap/cheaply

caro = dear/dearly; expensive/expensively

When two or more adverbs ending in -mente are used together in the same sentence, only the last word using the -mente ending is used as such. All others use the feminine form of the adjective, for example:

She talked slowly, clearly and happily.

Ella hablaba lenta, clara y felizmente.

but never...

Ella hablaba lentamente, claramente y felizmente.


Adverbs of Time

English	Spanish
early	temprano
late	tarde
often	muchas veces
always	siempre
never	nunca
afterward	después
before/formerly	antes
quickly	rápidamente
slowly	lentamente
immediately	inmediatamente
seldom/rarely	raramente
now	ahora
soon/shortly	breve/brevemente/pronto
at once/ immediately	uno por uno (al punto)/ inmediatamente/en seguida


Adverbs of Placement

English	Spanish
here	aquí
here (motion)	acá
there (nearby)	ahí
there (farther)	allí
there (remote)	allá
forward/ahead	delante
behind	atrás
inside	dentro (de)
outside	fuera
below/down	debajo (de)
near	cerca (de)
far	lejos (de)
above	encima (de)
near	próximo


Adverbs of Quantity

English	Spanish
very much	mucho
(a) little	(un) poco
more	más
less	menos
more or less	más o menos
how much	cuánto
so	tan
too much	demasiado
so much	tanto
only	solo/solamente
only	apenas
almost	casi
enough	bastante


Adverbs That Express Affirmation

English	Spanish
well	bien
also	también
truly	verdaderamente
truly/certainly	ciertamente
certainly/of course	claro
gladly	alegremente


Adverbs That Express Negation

English	Spanish
no/not	no
never	nunca
badly	mal
no longer/not now	no más/no ahora
not yet	no todavía
nor	ni


 Possessives

In English, possession is often indicated by use of an apostrophe + s ('s), for example, "the professor's computer." But, while awkward English, it can also be phrased as "the computer of the professor."

Because there is no comparative form for the apostrophe + s ('s) in Spanish, a form comparable to "the computer of the professor" is used.

In Spanish, the possessive adjective is most often always preceded by the definite article:

m-singular	f-singular	m-plural	f-plural	English
el mio	la mia	los mios	las mias	my/mine
el tuyo	la tuya	los tuyos	las tuyas	your/yours (familiar sing.)
el suyo	la suya	los suyos	las suyas	his/her/hers/its/your/yours (polite)
lo nuestro	la nuestra	los nuestros	las nuestras	our/ours
lo vuestra	la vuestra	los vuestros	las vuestras	your/yours (formal familiar, pl.)
lo suyo	la suya	los suyos	las suyas	their/theirs/your/yours (polite)
 Possessive adjectives must always agree in both gender and number (singular or plural) with the accompanying noun (the possessor).

¿Dónde está nuestro carro?

Where is our car?

Su carro está allá pero sus cauchos han sido robados.

Your car is there but your tires have been stolen.


 Pronouns

Subject Pronouns

Direct & Indirect Object Pronouns

Using Este, Ese and Aquel as Pronouns

The Pronouns Esto, Eso and Aquello

Que as a Conjunction & Relative Pronoun


Direct & Indirect Object Pronouns

Direct Object	Indirect Object
English	Spanish	English	Spanish

Singular

me	me	(to) me	me
you (familiar)	te	(to) you	te
him/it (m),  you (polite-m)	lo	(to) him/her/it (m/f) you (polite-m/f)	le
her/it (f),	la
you  (familiar-m/f)	la/lo	(to) you (familiar m/f)	le

Plural

us	nosotros/nos	(to) us	nosotros/nos
you (formal fam.)	vosotros/os	(to) you (formal familiar)	vosotros/os
them (m)	les	(to) them (m/f), you	les
you (familiar m/f)	los	(to) you (familiar m/f)	les


Using Esse, Este and Aquele as Pronouns

Using Este, Ese and Aquel as Pronouns

When used as a pronoun without an accompanying noun, éste = this/this one; ése = that/that one (close proximity); aquél = that/that one (over there) can refer to either people or things. Accents indicate pronouns. Without accents the same words become and are used as adjectives.


The Pronouns Isto, Isso and Aquilo

The Pronouns Esto, Eso and Aquello

The pronouns esto = this/this thing; eso = that/that thing (close proximity); aquello = that/that thing (over there) are used when referring to facts, ideas or vaguely identified objects. They/you (pl.) are never used to identify individual people or groups of people.


Que as a Conjunction & Relative Pronoun

In English, the conjunctive word "that" is often dropped. For example, "I know that he went yesterday" often becomes "I know he went yesterday." However, in Spanish, the conjunction "that" (que) can never be dropped. It must be always be expressed, for example:

Yo sé que ella viene. = I know (that) she is coming.

José dice que tú hermano es rico. = José says (that) your brother is rich.

Que is also a relative pronoun in addition to being a conjunction and an interrogative. As such, it takes the English meanings who, which, that or whom. It can refer to either people or things (singular or plural, masculine or feminine) and can be used as either the subject or the object.

Yo quiero un carro que no sea caro.

I want a car that is not expensive.

Él es el mismo hombre que vino la semana pasada.

He is the same man who came last week.

¿Dónde están las botellas que compré en Caracas?

Where are the bottles which I bought in Caracas?


 Forming Questions (Sentences)

It's fairly easy to turn a statement into a question:

1 For written forms, leave everything exactly as it is and merely add a question mark at the beginning and end of the sentence. When speaking, raise the intonation at the end of the sentence just as you would in English.

Tú mamá habla español (+ ?) = ¿Tú mamá habla español?

Your mother speaks Spanish (+ ?) = ¿Your mother speaks Spanish?

Él es venezolano (+?) = ¿Él es venezolano?

He is Venezuelan (+?) = ¿He is Venezuelan?

2 Add one of the following phrases and a question mark at the beginning and end of the sentence:

¿no? or ¿no es? (literally = not is?)

¿no es verdad? (literally = not is truth?)

¿no es asi? (literally = not is so?)

These phrases are the Spanish equivalents of such common English phrases as "isn't it?" "don't you?" "doesn't he/she?" "do they/you?" "aren't you?" "isn't that so?," et cetera.

¿Tú mamá habla español, no es verdad?

Your mother speaks Spanish, doesn't she?

¿Él es latino, no es asi?

He is Latin, isn't that so?


Forming Questions (Interrogatives)

As with English, most questions in Spanish begin with a word such as who, what, where, when, how, why, et cetera:

Spanish	English
¿Dónde?	Where?
¿Dónde está?	Where is?
¿Cómo?	How?
¿De quién?	Whose?
¿Puedes?	Can you?
¿Por qué no?	Why not?
¿Por qué?	Why?
¿Qué?	What?
¿Cuál?	Which?/What?
¿Cuándo?	When?
¿Cuánto?	How much?
¿Cuántos?	How many?
¿Quién?	Who?


 Forming Negatives

Most Spanish sentences can be made negative by placing no (not) before the verb, for example:

 with the addition of no

Esta manzana es muy grande. (This apple is very large.)

...becomes...

Esta manzana no es muy grande. (This apple is not/isn't very large.)

 with the addition of no

Yo hablo español muy bien. (I speak Spanish very well.)

...becomes...

Yo no hablo español muy bien. (I do not/don't speak Spanish very well.)

Other important Spanish negatives include:

Spanish	English
ningún/ninguno	nobody
nada	nothing
ni...ni	neither…nor
nunca	never
nunca más	never again
no tengo ninguno	I dont have any
nadie	no one
tampoco	neither
ni yo tampoco	me neither


 Prepositions

The most common Spanish prepositions are contracted as follows when used with the definite article.

Preposition	Definite Article
	Singular	Plural
a	to/at	el (m)	la (f)	los (m)	las (f)

Be careful using the prepositions para and por.

In English, the indefinite article "a" becomes "an" when it precedes a word beginning with a vowel or a word beginning with the the letter h. In Spanish, the indefinite articles un (m) and una (f) must agree with both the gender and number (singular or plural) of the accompanying noun. For example, un automóvil (m) = a car but una garrafa (f) = a bottle.

While the indefinite article has no plural in English, Spanish uses the plural forms unos and unas to express the indefinite plural "some," for example, unos automóviles (m, pl.) = some cars or unas botellas (f, pl.) = some bottles.

The preposition de forms contractions with the indefinite article as follows:

Preposition	Indefinite Article
	Singular = "a/an"	Plural = "some"
de +	(of/from)	un (m)	una (f)	unos (m)	unas (f)

Some other important prepositions include:

Spanish	English
antes de	before
despúes	after
despúes de	after
hasta	until/as far as
desde	since
atravéz de	through/across
debajo	under
sobre	over/on
por cima de	over/above
al lado de	beside
al cruzar de	across from
adentro de	inside of
alrededor de	around


Para and Por

Among native English-speakers, there is often confusion about when to use the proposition para and when to use the preposition por because they often seem to mean the same thing. However:

 Para usually indicates an end point, goal, target, comparison or objective of a direction in time or space.

 Por usually indicates an intermediate point of time and can be defined as by, through, around, per or for and indicates an exchange, duration or rate.


 Conjunctions

The most commonly used Spanish conjunctions include:

Spanish	English
y	and
o	or
pero	but
cuando	when
mientras que	while
si	if
porque	because
aunque	although/even if
porque	because of


 Comparatives & Superlatives

 Comparisons of inequality are usually created using más (more), menos (less) or que (than), for example:

José es más rico que Jorge. = Jose is richer than George.

Mi hermana trabaja menos que nosotros. = My sister works less than we do.

 A superlative is usually created using the definite article [el (mas.-sing.), la (fem.-sing.), los (mas.-pl) or las (fem.-pl)] together with más or menos, for example:

José es el más alto hombre de la ciudad. = José is the tallest man in the city.

Esta acuarela es la menos bonita de todas. = This watercolor is the least pretty of all.

 Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives

Spanish	English
bueno/bien	good
mal/malo	bad
grande	big
pequeño	small
mejor/el mejor	best/the best
peor/el peor	worse/the worst
mejor/el mejor	bigger/the biggest/the best
menor/el menor	smaller/the smallest/the youngest

Mis mejores amigos son de Anaco Anzoatequi, pero el mejor de todos es Pablo.

My best friends are from Anaco Anzoatequi, but the best of all is Pablo.

Luis canta mal. Él canta peor que nosotros. Él es el peor cantante del mundo.

Luis sings badly. He sings worse than we do. He is the worst singer in the world.

Mi hermana mayor es la más alta en la familia.

My older sister is the tallest one in the family.


Cardinal Numbers

 Cardinal Numbers (números cardinales)

Where possible, the feminine form is created by replacing the masculine ending -o with the feminine ending -a:

Number	English	Spanish
0	zero	cero
1	one	uno (m)/una (f)
2	two	dos (m)/dos (f)
3	three	tres
4	four	cuatro
5	five	cinco
6	six	seis
7	seven	siete
8	eight	ocho
9	nine	nueve
10	ten	diez
11	eleven	once
12	twelve	doce
13	thirteen	trece
14	fourteen	catorce
15	fifteen	quince
16	sixteen	dieciséis
17	seventeen	diecisiete
18	eighteen	dieciocho
19	nineteen	diecinueve
20	twenty	veinte
21	twenty one	veinte y uno
30	thirty	treinta
40	forty	cuarenta
50	fifty	cincuenta
60	sixty	sesenta
70	seventy	setenta
80	eighty	ochenta
90	ninety	noventa
100	one hundred	ciento
105	one hundred five	ciento y cinco
200	two hundred	doscientos (-as = fem.)
250	two hundred fifty	doscientos cincuenta
300	three hundred	trescientos (-as = fem.)
400	four hundred	cuatrocientos (-as = fem.)
500	five hundred	quinientos (-as = fem.)
600	six hundred	seiscientos (-as = fem)
700	seven hundred	setecientos (-as = fem.)
800	eight hundred	ochocientos (-as = fem.)
900	nine hundred	novecientos (-as = fem.)
1,000	one thousand	mil (1.000*)
2,000	two thousand	dos mil (2.000*)
10,000	ten thousand	diez mil (10.000*)
1,000,000	one million	un millón (1.000.000*)
2,000,000	two million	dos millones (2.000.000*)

* Caution: The use of commas (,) and periods (.) in Latin America is exactly the opposite of what is used in the U.S. where a period (.) is used instead of a comma (,) and a comma (,) is used instead of a period (.) when expressing numbers as numerals (e.g.1.045,25 not 1,045.25).

The conjunction y is used between each element of any written compound number except where a period (.) (denoting a fraction not a comma [,] )is used to separate millions, thousands and hundreds. At these points, a y is only used when a single number follows:

1,008 = mil ocho (1.008)

1,234 = mil, doscientos treinta y cuatro (1.234)

1,924 = mil novecientos veinte y cuatro (1.924)

1995 (date) = mil, novecientos noventa y cinco

1996 (date) = mil, novecientos noventa y seis

1998 (date) = mil, novecientos noventa y siete

1998 (date) = mil, novecientos noventa y ocho

1999 (date) = mil, novecientos noventa y nueve


Ordinal Numbers

 Ordinal Numbers (números ordinales)

The feminine form is usually created by replacing the ending -o with -a.

Ordinal Number	English	Spanish
1st	first	primero (m)
2nd	second	segundo (m)
3rd	third	tercero (m)
4th	fourth	cuarto (m)
5th	fifth	quinto (m)
6th	sixth	sexto (m)
7th	seventh	séptimo (m)
8th	eighth	octavo (m)
9th	ninth	noveno (m)
10th	tenth	décimo (m)
11th	eleventh	décimoprimero (m)
12th	twelfth	décimosegundo (m)
20th	twentieth	vigésimo (m)
21st	twenty-first	vigésimoprimero (m)
30th	thirtieth	trigésimo (m)
31st	thirty-first	trigésimoprimero (m)


Times, Days, Months, Seasons, Direction, Measurement & Currency

 Times, Days, Months, Years, Seasons, Direction, Measurement & Currency

Times of the Day

Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow

Days of the Week

Seasons of the Year

Months of the Year

Years

Cardinal Points

Measurement

Latin American Currency


The Times of the Day

The Times of the Day (los tiempos del día)

morning	mañana (1:00 am to Noon)
noon (midday)	medio-día
afternoon	tarde (Noon to 6:00 pm)
evening	noche
night	noche (6:00 pm to Midnight)
midnight	media-noche

Appropriate Greetings

good morning = buenos días (1:00 am to Noon)

good afternoon = buenas tardes (Noon to 6:00 pm)

good evening = buenas noches (Noon to 6:00 pm)

good night = pasen buenas noches (6:00 pm to Midnight)


Today, Yesterday & Tomorrow

Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow (ayer, hoy y mañana)

yesterday	ayer
today	hoy
tomorrow	mañana
the day before yesterday	anteayer
the day after tomorrow	despúes de mañana

 Morning

this morning = ésta mañana

yesterday morning = ayer por la mañana

tomorrow morning = mañana por la mañana

 Noon

this noon (midday) = este mediodía

yesterday noon (midday) = ayer por el mediodía

tomorrow noon (midday) = mañana en el mediodía

 Evening

this evening = ésta noche

yesterday evening = ayer por la noche

tomorrow evening = mañana en la noche

 Night

tonight = ésta noche

last night = anoche

tomorrow night = mañana en la noche


The Seasons of the Year

The Seasons of the Year (las estaciones del año)

English	Spanish
spring	primavera
summer	verano
autumn/fall	otoño
winter	invierno


The Months of the Year

The Months of the Year (los meses del año)

English	Spanish
January	enero
February	febrero
March	marzo
April	abril
May	mayo
June	junio
July	julio
August	agosto
September	septiembre
October	octubre
November	noviembre
December	diciembre


Years

1995 = mil, novecientos noventa y cinco

1996 = mil, novecientos noventa y seis

1998 = mil, novecientos noventa y siete

1998 = mil, novecientos noventa y ocho

1999 = mil, novecientos noventa y nueve


The Days of the Week

The Days of the Week (los dias de la semana)

The names of the days of the week are all masculine.

English	Spanish
Sunday	domingo
Monday	lunes
Tuesday	martes
Wednesday	miércoles
Thursday	jueves
Friday	viernes
Saturday	sábado


Cardinal Points

Cardinal Points (puntos cardinales)

English	Spanish
north	norte
east	este
south	sur
west	oeste
northeast	noreste
northwest	noroeste
southeast	sudeste
southwest	suroeste


Measurement

All Latin Americam countries use the metric system, consequently, everything in Latin America is measured in kilometers, meters, centimeters, millimeters, kilograms, grams, et cetera:

English	Spanish
hectare	hectárea
kilometer	kilometro
meter	metro
centimeter	centímetro
millimeter	milímetro
kilogram	kilogramo
gram	gramo
milligram	miligramo
liter	litro
centigrade	centígrado
kilowatt	kilovatio


Latin American Currency

Caution: The use of commas (,) and periods (.) in most of Latin America is exactly the opposite of what is used in the U.S.. Most often you will find that a period (.) is used instead of a comma (,) and a comma (,) instead of a period (.) when expressing numeric values (e.g.1.045,25 not 1,045.25 as used in the U.S.).

Because of often fluctuating exchange rates for many Latin American currencies, any listing of exchange rates would be foolhardy. We suggest checking your local newspaper or contacting your bank, travel agent or airline for the most up-to-date information about the current rate(s) of exchange for any specific Latin American currency.

Argentina = peso/austral (written as $)

Belize = Belize Dollar (English-speaking) (written as $)

Bolivia = boliviano/peso (written as $bl)

Brazil = real (Portuguese-speaking) (written as R$)

Chile = peso (written as $)

Columbia = peso (written as $)

Costa Rica = colón (written as $)

Cuba = peso

Dominican Republic = peso (written as $)

Ecuador = sucre (written as $)

El Salvador = colón

Guatemala = quetzal (written as Q)

Guiana = Guiana Dollar (French-speaking) (written as $)

Guyana = Guyana Dollar (English-speaking) (written as $)

Honduras = lempira (written as $)

Mexico = peso (written as N$)

Nicaragua = córdoba

Panama = balboa (written as B/) (US Dollar is also used)

Paraguay = guaraní (written as Gs)

Peru = new sol/inti (written as I/)

Puerto Rico = US Dollar (dólar) (written as $)

Suriname = Guilder (Dutch-speaking)

Uruguay = new peso (written as N$)

Venezuela = bolívar (written as Bs.)


 Definitions of Verb Forms

Note: You may want to print and keep these definitions for future reference. To print this topic, either click once on the Print button above or first click once on the File option on the menu bar and, then, on the Print Topic option.

IMPERSONAL (INFINITIVE) -- verb form used chiefly as a noun (Example: to speak)

PERSONAL INFINITIVE -- verb form used chiefly as a noun (Example: me to speak)

PARTICIPLE -- verb form used as an adjective (Example: spoken)

GERUND -- verb form used as a noun and ending in -ing (Example: speaking)

INDICATIVE MOOD (SIMPLE) -- the Indicative states a fact or asks a question

PRESENT INDICATIVE (Examples: I speak, you speak, he speaks, she speaks, they/you (pl.) speak)

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (Examples: I was speaking, you were speaking, he was speaking, she was speaking, they/you (pl.) were speaking -- I used to speak, you used to speak, he used to speak, she used to speak, they/you (pl.) used to speak)

PRETERIT INDICATIVE -- the Preterit expresses a past action or state (Examples: I spoke, you spoke, he spoke, she spoke, they/you (pl.) spoke)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE -- the Pluperfect can also be called Past Perfect and is used to denote that an action or event completed before a given or implied past time (Examples: I had spoken, you had spoken, he had spoken, she had spoken, they/you (pl.) had spoken)

SIMPLE FUTURE INDICATIVE (Examples: I will speak, you will speak, he will speak, she will speak, they/you (pl.) will speak, I shall speak, you shall speak, he shall speak, she shall speak, they/you (pl.) shall speak)

COMPOUND FUTURE INDICATIVE (Examples: I will speak, you will speak, he will speak, she will speak, they/you (pl.) will speak, I shall speak, you shall speak, he shall speak, she shall speak, they/you (pl.) shall speak, I will have spoken)

INDICATIVE MOOD (COMPOUND) -- the Indicative states a fact or asks a question

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE (Examples: I have spoken, you have spoken, he has spoken, she has spoken, they/you (pl.) have spoken -- I have been speaking, you have been speaking, he has been speaking, she has been speaking, they/you (pl.) have been speaking)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE -- the Pluperfect can also be called Past Perfect and is used to denote that an action or event completed before a given or implied past time) (Examples: I had spoken, you had spoken, he had spoken, she had spoken, they/you (pl.) had spoken)

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE (Examples: I will have spoken, you will have spoken, he will have spoken, she will have spoken, they/you (pl.) will have spoken -- I shall have spoken, you shall have spoken, he shall have spoken, she shall have spoken, they/you (pl.) shall have spoken)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (SIMPLE) -- the Subjunctive is used to express a condition, hypothesis, contingency, et cetera, rather than an actual state (The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in the DEPENDENT CLAUSE of a sentence when there is a change of subject.)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (Examples: I may speak, you may speak, he may speak, she may speak, they/you (pl.) may speak)

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (Examples: I might speak you might speak, he might speak, she might speak, they/you (pl.) might speak)

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE (Examples: if I were to speak, if you were to speak, if he were to speak, if she were to speak, if they/you (pl.) were to speak -- if I would speak, if you would speak, if he would speak, if she would speak, if they/you (pl.) would speak -- if I should speak, if you should speak, if he should speak, if she should speak, if they/you (pl.) should speak -- if I may speak, if you may speak, if he may speak, if she may speak, if they/you (pl.) may speak -- if I might speak, if you might speak, if he might speak, if she might speak, if they/you (pl.) might speak)

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (COMPOUND) -- the Subjunctive is used to express a condition, hypothesis, contingency, et cetera, rather than an actual state (The Subjunctive occurs in the Dependent Clause of a sentence)

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (Examples: I may have spoken, you may have spoken, he may have spoken, she may have spoken, they/you (pl.) may have spoken)

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE -- the Pluperfect can also be called Past Perfect and is used to denote that an action or event completed before a given or implied past time(Examples: I might have spoken, you might have spoken, he might have spoken, she might have spoken, they/you (pl.) might have spoken)

FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (Examples: if I were to speak, if you were to speak, if he were to speak, if she were to speak, if they/you (pl.) were to speak -- if I would speak, if you would speak, if he would speak, if she would speak, if they/you (pl.) would speak -- if I should have spoken, if you should have spoken, if he should have spoken, if she should have spoken, if they/you (pl.) should have spoken -- if I may have spoken, if you may have spoken, if he may have spoken, if she may have spoken, if they/you (pl.) may have spoken -- if I might have spoken, if you might have spoken, if he might have spoken, if she might have spoken, if they/you (pl.) might have spoken)

CONDITIONAL MOOD

SIMPLE (Examples: I would speak, you would speak, he would speak, she would speak, they/you (pl.) would speak -- I should speak, you should speak, he should speak, she should speak, they/you (pl.) should speak)

COMPOUND (Examples: I would have spoken, you would have spoken, he would have spoken, she would have spoken, they/you (pl.) would have spoken -- I should have spoken, you should have spoken, he should have spoken, she should have spoken, they/you (pl.) should have spoken)

IMPERATIVE MOOD

AFFIRMATIVE FORM (Examples: speak (you/you/we/you/they/you (pl.)


Common Signs

 Common Signs (street signs, notices, etc.)

English	Spanish
caution	precaución
danger	peligro
exit	salida
stop	alto
closed	cerrado
open	abierto
slow	despacio
no smoking	prohibido fumar
no admittance	entrada prohibida
one way	dirección única
no entry	dirección prohibida
women	señoras, mujeres, damas
men	señores, hombres, caballeros
ladies room	el cuarto de damas
mens room	el servicio


In an effort to aid translation and standardize the language for computer use, the 10th Annual Conference of the Association of Spanish Language Academies voted to eliminate "Ch" (an historical letter of the alphabet heading in dictionaries) from the Spanish alphabet.Consequently, Spanish words beginning with "Ch" (e.g. "chula") will henceforth be listed with those words beginning with the letter "C"


In an effort to aid translation and standardize the language for computer use, the 10th Annual Conference of the Association of Spanish Language Academies voted to eliminate "Ll" (an historical letter of the alphabet heading in dictionaries) from the Spanish alphabet. Consequently, Spanish words beginning with "Ll" (e.g. "llama") will henceforth be listed with those words beginning with the letter "L"


strongly trilled at the top of the tongue